Understanding Adult Male Sexual Violence Victims' Reporting and Prosecution Decisions.

Purpose: To identify salient factors associated with adult male sexual violence victims' reporting and prosecution decisions, using a socioecological, mixed-methods approach. Method: British Crime survey data from 2004-2012 will be explored in two studies and used to model the different social ecologies which may interact to influence victims' decision making. The two models will be developed through adapting the Feminist Rape Mythology Hypothesis (Anders, 2007) to explore how congruence with rape myths (victim and assault level), and social support predict decision-making behaviour. A third study will explore these issues, and the value of the socioecological approach, qualitatively through in-depth interviews with voluntary organisation victim support workers. Results: Planned analyses include multi-level modelling for studies 1 and 2, and abbreviated Grounded Theory for study 3. Conclusion: The research findings are anticipated to have important implications for the policy and practice of the police, criminal justice system, and statutory and voluntary agencies which support male victims of sexual violence. Ultimately it is hoped that this research will shed further light on the experiences of male victims: an oft neglected and under-researched topic

A Phenomenological Approach to Understanding the Impact of Chronic Ear Disease on Wellbeing in Young People: Patient and Carer Perspectives.

Background: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is a chronic inflammation of the middle ear which usually occurs in childhood. Symptoms of CSOM include ear pain, an odorous discharge and hearing loss, necessitating significant medical intervention. Previous research has largely focused on functional outcomes of CSOM using quantitative methods. Consequently, the lived experience of this condition from patient and carer perspectives is relatively unknown. The aim of the current study is to qualitatively explore the psychological impact of CSOM on young people. Methods: A qualitative semi-structured interview design is proposed. Up to 10 young people aged 12-18 and their primary caregivers will be recruited from local ENT clinics and interviewed individually. Interviews will consider participants’ experience of the meaning of CSOM, its impact on identity and social and emotional aspects of daily life. Interviewing both patients and primary caregivers about the same phenomena will enable triangulation of the data. All interviews will be audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data will be analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Findings: IPA will be conducted on patient and primary caregiver interview data according to the process outlined in Smith, Larkin and Flowers (2009). Initial findings will be shared with the young people and their primary caregivers. Discussion: The findings from the current study will lead to a greater understanding of CSOM on young people’s wellbeing and quality of life. This knowledge will enable ENT clinics and other medical teams to address the psychosocial support needs of this group and ultimately improve patient care

Parenting Styles and Disordered Eating Among Youths: A Rapid Scoping Review

Youth is a critical period in the development of maladaptive eating behaviors. Previous systematic reviews suggest the etiological significance of parent-child relationships for the onset of disordered eating in youth, but less is known about the role of parenting styles. This rapid scoping review aimed to identify whether research supports the role of parenting styles in the development of disordered eating symptoms among youths. Sixteen studies, retrieved from three databases (PsycArticles, PsycInfo, and BASE), met the inclusion criteria: original studies, published in English, examined the effect of parenting styles (authoritative or neglectful) on cognitive (drives for thinness and body dissatisfaction) and behavioral (weight control behaviors) disordered eating outcomes, among young people up to 18 years of age. Studies supported an association between various youth disordered eating symptoms such as unhealthy weight control behaviors, and experiences of adverse parenting styles characterized by high levels of control and low levels of responsiveness. Associations between adverse parenting styles and youth disordered eating were frequently indirect and differed depending on the sex of the parent and offspring. Synthesis of findings was limited due to variation in the operationalization and measurement of parenting styles, family context and disordered eating across studies. Longitudinal and standardized research is required to better understand the dynamic associations between parenting styles and youth disordered eating. Implications for family-based care in clinical practice are discussed

Improving Adrenaline Autoinjector Adherence: a Psychologically-informed Training for Healthcare Professionals

Background: Clinicians draw on instructional approaches when training patients with anaphylaxis to use adrenaline auto-injectors, but patient use is poor. Psychological barriers to these behaviours exist but are not considered routinely when training patients to use auto-injectors. Health Psychology principles suggest exploring these factors with patients could improve their auto-injector use. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a 90 - minute workshop training clinicians in strategies and techniques for exploring and responding to psychological barriers to auto-injector use with patients. Attendees’ knowledge, confidence and likelihood of using the strategies were expected to improve. Methods: Impact was evaluated using a longitudinal mixed-method design. Twenty-nine clinicians (general and specialist nurses, general practitioners, pharmacists) supporting patients with anaphylaxis in UK hospitals and general practice attended. Self-rated knowledge, confidence and likelihood of using the strategies taught were evaluated online one week before, 1–3 and 6–8 weeks after the workshop. Clinicians were invited for telephone interview after attending to explore qualitatively the workshop impact. Results: Chi-square analyses were significant in most cases (p <.05), with sustained (6–8 weeks) improvements in knowledge, confidence and likelihood of using the strategies taught. Thematic analysis of interview data showed the workshop enhanced attendees’ knowledge of the care pathway, understanding of patient’s experience of anaphylaxis as psychological not purely physical, and altered their communication with this and other patient groups. However, interviewees perceived lack of time and organisational factors as barriers to using the strategies and techniques taught in clinical contexts. Conclusion: Training clinicians in psychologically- informed strategies produce sustained improvements in their confidence and knowledge around patient auto-injector education, and their likelihood of using strategies in clinical practice. Clinical Relevance: Exploring psychological barriers should be part of training patients with anaphylaxis in auto - injector use

‘I haven’t said goodbye to my kids’

People diagnosed with anaphylaxis in adulthood face unique, but largely ignored, psychological challenges. Psychology offers insights for understanding their needs, and the development of interventions to help this growing group live with severe allergies

Does Emotional Intelligence Buffer the Effects of Acute Stress? A Systematic Review

People with higher levels of emotional intelligence (EI: adaptive emotional traits, skills and abilities) typically achieve more positive life outcomes, such as psychological wellbeing, educational attainment, and job-related success. Although the underpinning mechanisms linking EI with those outcomes are largely unknown, it has been suggested that EI may work as a ‘stress buffer’. Theoretically, when faced with a stressful situation, emotionally intelligent individuals should show a more adaptive response than those with low EI, such as reduced reactivity (less mood deterioration, less physiological arousal), and faster recovery once the threat has passed. A growing number of studies have begun to investigate that hypothesis in respect to EI measured as both an ability (AEI) and trait (TEI), but results are unclear. To test the ‘stress-buffering’ function of EI, we systematically reviewed experimental studies that explored the relationship between both types of EI and acute stress reactivity or recovery. By searching 4 databases, we identified 45 eligible studies. Results indicated that EI was only adaptive in certain contexts, and that findings differed according to stressor type, and how EI was measured. In terms of stress reactivity, TEI related to less mood deterioration during sports-based stressors (e.g. competitions), physical discomfort (e.g. dental procedure), and cognitive stressors (e.g. memory tasks), but did not appear as helpful in other contexts (e.g. speeches). Furthermore, effects of TEI on physiological stress responses, such as heart rate, were inconsistent. Effects of AEI on subjective and objective stress reactivity were often non-significant, with high levels detrimental in some cases. However, data suggest that both higher AEI and TEI relate to faster recovery from acute stress. In conclusion, results provide mixed support for the stress-buffering effect of EI. Limitations and quality of studies are also discussed. Findings could have implications for EI training programmes

Opportunities to engage in positive activities during the COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives of individuals with mood disorders

Background: Despite cross-sectional population and clinical studies finding individuals with existing mood disorders being adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, longitudinal studies have not shown a worsening of psychiatric symptoms. In response to these findings, we explored opportunities to engage in positive activities during the pandemic from the perspectives of individuals with mood disorders. Methods: A bespoke survey, containing closed and open questions, was sent to participants with mood disorders who were part of the UK Bipolar Disorder Research Network (BDRN). Questions related to experiences of positive impacts of the pandemic, levels of engagement in positive activities and coping strategies. Results: Response rate was 46.4 % (N = 1688). 61.9 % reported positive life changes during the pandemic, with slower pace of life reported most frequently (52.8 %). 47.3 % reported no adverse impact of the pandemic on implementing their usual coping strategies. Activities that respondents most commonly reported the same or greater level of engagement in compared to before the pandemic were avoiding known mood triggers (82.3 %), relaxation techniques (78.8 %) and the ability to maintain set routines (69.4 %). Limitations: Responder bias may be present and experiences during the pandemic are likely to differ among other clinical and research mood disorders cohorts. Conclusions: Our findings may help to explain why longitudinal studies have not found a worsening of mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying potential facilitators to maintaining mental health have wider applicability, and may help to inform future evidence-based psychoeducation and self-management programmes for mood disorders

Opportunities to engage in positive activities during the COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives of individuals with mood disorders

Background Despite cross-sectional population and clinical studies finding individuals with existing mood disorders being adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, longitudinal studies have not shown a worsening of psychiatric symptoms. In response to these findings, we explored opportunities to engage in positive activities during the pandemic from the perspectives of individuals with mood disorders. Methods A bespoke survey, containing closed and open questions, was sent to participants with mood disorders who were part of the UK Bipolar Disorder Research Network (BDRN). Questions related to experiences of positive impacts of the pandemic, levels of engagement in positive activities and coping strategies. Results Response rate was 46.4 % (N = 1688). 61.9 % reported positive life changes during the pandemic, with slower pace of life reported most frequently (52.8 %). 47.3 % reported no adverse impact of the pandemic on implementing their usual coping strategies. Activities that respondents most commonly reported the same or greater level of engagement in compared to before the pandemic were avoiding known mood triggers (82.3 %), relaxation techniques (78.8 %) and the ability to maintain set routines (69.4 %). Limitations Responder bias may be present and experiences during the pandemic are likely to differ among other clinical and research mood disorders cohorts. Conclusions Our findings may help to explain why longitudinal studies have not found a worsening of mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying potential facilitators to maintaining mental health have wider applicability, and may help to inform future evidence-based psychoeducation and self-management programmes for mood disorders

“Because It Kind of Falls in Between, Doesn’t It? Like an Acute Thing and a Chronic”: the Psychological Experience of Anaphylaxis in Adulthood

Anaphylaxis is a serious, rare condition increasing in prevalence. This study explored the psychological experience of adult-onset anaphylaxis from patient, family and staff perspectives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve participants. Two global themes emerged from thematic analysis: ‘controllability’ (‘an unknown and distressing experience’, ‘the importance of control over triggers’ and ‘responsibility but no control: the impact on others’) and ‘conflict’ (‘rejecting illness identity’, ‘minimisation of risk’, ‘accessing specialist care: running in slow motion’ and ‘patient-centred versus service-centred care’). Findings highlight the importance of perceived control and emphasise the presence of conflict in the experience of this complex, episodic condition