Transformational Leadership and Pro-Environmental Behavior of Employees: Mediating Role of Intrinsic Motivation

Current research study attempts to investigate the impact of transformational leadership on pro-environmental behaviors along with the mediation of intrinsic motivation. This model is tested on 150 professionals that include lecturers from four different universities of Pakistan. We find that transformational leader enhances the intrinsic motivation, which consecutively related to pro-environmental behaviors positively. Further, there is also a direct positive relationship of transformational leadership with pro-environmental behaviors. Precisely, our findings advocate that transformational leadership and intrinsic motivation is important in prompting pro-environmental behaviors of employees

A Systematic Literature Review on Health Information Sharing Among Older Adults

The purpose of this research is to synthesize the findings of existing studies on the sharing of health information among older adults. This SLR follows the PRISMA model to provide an extensive analysis of the practices of health information sharing among older adults. This review synthesizes the results of the searches in Google Scholar, Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus databases that investigated the purpose to share health related information, technologies used, and challenges faced by older adults in sharing their health information. Most of the studies emphasize that the elderly use computers, mobile phones, and social media apps to discuss their health issues with doctors and families. However, there are challenges like technology constraints, people’s resistance to technology, and lack of funds that hinder information sharing. Moreover, the study shows the variety of technologies used by older people, indicating the necessity for more individualized approaches to the development of interventions. Subsequent studies should focus on tackling these barriers with the help of specific interventions and creating effective technology designs that would enhance the accessibility of healthcare services for elderly people. By bridging the digital divide and enhancing access to technology, stakeholders can foster a more equitable healthcare system that empowers older adults to actively engage in health information sharing, ultimately improving their health outcomes and overall well-being

Towards Alleviating Counterproductive Work Behaviour: A Soul Leadership View

 This article intends to examine the role of psychological empowerment and spiritual leadership towards alleviating counter productive work behaviours (CPWB). The modern organizations do not rely on sole leadership any more, but the spiritual leadership. The present study focuses on two constructs falling under the rubric of soul leadership, i.e., employee empowerment and spiritual leadership in order to alleviate counterproductive work behaviour. In line with the environment of call centres, these two constructs based on Conservation of Resources Theory are considered sufficient to address the issue in question. Data were collected from a convenient sample of call agents working in call centres located in twin cities of Pakistan i.e., Rawalpindi and Islamabad. A total of 350 respondents were sent questionnaire where usable questionnaires were 302. Structural equation modelling technique was used to test the hypotheses. Results revealed negative and significant relationship between spiritual leadership, psychological empowerment and CPWB. Finally the implications and suggestions for future research are provided

Reproductive Health Factors and Maternal Mortality of Internally Displaced Women in Nigeria

Approximately 529,000 women die from pregnancy-related causes every year, with 99% of these maternal deaths occurring in developing countries. Each year, about 59,000 maternal deaths occur in Nigeria, with a mortality rate of 576 deaths per 100,000 births. Women constitute about half of the 33.2 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) worldwide. The purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to explore the association between the reproductive health factors and maternal mortality of internally displaced women in Borno state, Nigeria. McCarthy and Maine’s model for determinants of maternal mortality informed this study. A secondary dataset of 400 women (age 14-49 years) who died from pregnancy or its complication and those alive in the IDP camp clinic and specialist hospital between 2016 and 2020 were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, chi-square, and binominal logistic regression. The findings showed that not attending at least four antenatal care (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC) visits increase the odds of maternal deaths by 1.75 and 0.28 times, respectively. The use of the family planning method reduces the odds of maternal death by a factor of 0.73. Also, the findings showed that women living in IDP camps have a higher risk of maternal death than women living in their homes. Also, the risk of maternal death was high among adolescent mothers between the ages of 14-19 years in Nigeria. Findings from this study will draw the legislature\u27s attention to develop policies towards improving access to reproductive health services in the IDP camps. It would also address the issue of health inequality leading to positive social change

Personality traits and mental health Of university male students Viewing internet Pornography

Studies have indicated that viewing internet pornography is like addiction and has been implicated in the development of psychosocial issues leading to mental health. However, in view of Pakistani culture, psychosocial issues and mental health problems associated with viewing internet pornography especially in perspective to personality traits are not studied yet. Objective: Objective of the current study was to investigate any effect of personality traits on mental health of university male students viewing internet pornography

COMPARISON OF EFFICACY OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE WITH SALBUTAMOL NEBULIZATION IN ACUTE BRONCHIOLITIS

Background; A substantial proportion of children will experience at least one episode with bronchiolitis, and as much as 2-3% of all children will be hospitalized with bronchiolitis during their first year of life. Bronchiolitis is the most common reason for hospitalization of children in many countries, challenging both economy, area and staffing in paediatric departments. Objective; To compare efficacy of N-acetylcysteine nebulization versus salbutamol nebulization in children with acute bronchiolitis. Material and Methods; The study cases were randomly divided into 2 groups by draws methods. Group A, each child was nebulized with 20 mg NAC in 3 ml of 0.9% of saline while group B was nebulized with 2.5 mg salbutamol in 3 ml of 0.9% saline solution. Patients of each group were nebulized three times a day (8 hours apart) for 5 days. These patients were closely monitored for the severity of the disease daily and clinical severity score was employed to record any improvement in both cases.  All the data was entered and analyzed using SPSS-18. Results; Of these 390 study cases, 228 (58.5%) were boys while 162 (41.5%) were girls. Mean age of our study cases was 7.92 ± 5.18 months . Most of the study cases i.e. 264 (67.7%) were from poor social background and mothers of most of these children were less educated as 85.6% of the mothers of these children were having their educational status equal/less than matriculation. Mean hospital stay in our study was 4.73 ± 0.829 days. Mean baseline clinical severity score was 5.52 ± 813. Mean clinical severity score after therapy was 1.85 ± 0.812 (with minimum clinical severity score was 1 while maximum was score was 4). Clinical severity score in group A was 1.21 ± 0.405 while in group B was 2.49 ± 0.578 (p= 0.000). Conclusion; Our study results support the use N – acetylcysteine nebulization in children with acute bronchiolitis as compared with salbutamol nebulization. N – acetylcysteine nebulization was found to be more effective in improving clinical severity score and reducing duration of hospitalization. Its use was safe, reliable and no adverse side effects were noted. Keywords; Acute Bronchiolitis, Salbutamol, N – acetylcysteine. DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/55-12 Publication date:May 31st 201

ROLE OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AS A RISK FACTOR FOR THE FEMALES WITH PRIMARY SUB-FERTILITY.

Objectives; To determine the role of endometriosis among women in cases of primary sub-fertility. Material and methods; A total of 169 women having primary infertility were included in this cross-sectional study which was done from January 2018 to May 2019 at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Complete history was taken for age, duration of infertility, duration of marriage, sexual history, history of intake of contraceptive drugs, past medical/surgical history and if patients had taken any previous treatment for fertility issues. General physical as well as systemic examination were performed by a trained doctor along with pelvic examination. Baseline investigations like ESR, FSH, LH, serum prolactin levels were done. These study cases will undergo pelvic ultrasound and laparoscopy was performed in proliferative stages of menstrual cycle. Data was analyzed by using SPSS Version 20. Results; Mean age of our study cases was noted to be 28.92 ± 4.55 years (with minimum age was 22 years while maximum age was 38 years). Family history of infertility was noted in 33 (19.5%) of our study cases. Mean duration of marriage in our study cases was noted to be 4.33 ± 1.03 years. Mean BMI of our study cases was 22.21 ± 3.01 kg/m2 (with minimum BMI was 18 kg/m2 while maximum BMI was 32 kg/m2). Our study results have shown that obesity was present in 36 (21.3%) of our study cases. In our study, endometriosis was seen in 27 (16 %) of our study cases. Stage 1 endometriosis was seen in 4 (2.4%), stage 2 endometriosis in 6 (3.6%), stage 3 endometriosis in 8 (4.7%) and stage 4 endometriosis in 9 (5.3%) of our study cases. Conclusion; Frequency of endometriosis was high in our study. Our study results indicate that it is a common gynecological problem which usually found in patients of young and reproductive age. Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure which requires minimum time of hospitalization and minor post-operative discomfort in diagnosis of endometriosis. Laparoscopic procedures in women with infertility should be employed earlier as they are relatively less invasive, convenient and more accurate tool for diagnosis. There is a dire need to bring about awareness among infertile women to consult infertility clinics at proper time. It emphasizes the need to recognize the outcomes of laparoscopic procedures for management and diagnostic purposes. Keywords; Primary infertility, endometriosis, laparoscopy. DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/55-13 Publication date:May 31st 201

Emerging Economies' Influence in Shaping Global Governance Structures and Issues

The global economy is transforming from a bipolar structure in which developed nations mainly control the global governance system to a multipolar structure mainly due to fast industrialization and economic growth of emerging economies. These countries, including China, India and Brazil, as they grow economically and politically, are pushing for the reform of international organizations to become more democratic. The emergence of new economic and political actors, for instance BRICS and G20 is an indication of the fact that these countries are working together to redesign new international relations architectures because traditional systems failed to address emerging challenges. This paper aims at analyzing the process of evolution of the emerging economies in the context of their participation in the global governance with a focus on their effects on economic, political and security dimensions. Using China, India and Brazil as the case, the paper shows that these countries are not only demanding changes in existing institutions but are also shaping new governance structures. Finally, the paper looks into the possible future environments for global governance with an emphasis on the necessity to develop a new, fairer model that would correspond to the trends of a multipolar world. Keywords:  Emerging Economies, Global Governance, Political Clout, Multipolar World, Institution

INTROSPECTING SURVEY OF ARCHITECTURE OF JAME MOSQUE OF ISFAHAN ON THE BASE OF UNSEEN CONCEPTS OF PERSIAN LYRICS (HAFEZ AND MULAVI)

Abstract. The language of paraphrase (taa’wil, In Arabic: ) uses Divine Signs, based on certain sources of unseen (gheiybi, in Arabic: ). The confirmation of knowledge of The Unseen helps man to return to himself. The real self is an aspect of the social self that can be established truly in congregational prayer. Holding congregational prayer shapes mosque institution. There are praying, mosques and rituals, for all realms of being: Literal (Mulki, in Arabic: ), Ethereal (Mithaali, in Arabic: ), Spiritual (Malakut, in Arabic: ). The rituals accomplish in mosque architecture in the hierarchy of being. The hierarchy of being helps to explain unseen (ghiybï) concepts by language of paraphrase (taa’wil), through "’Aayaat" (in Arabic: ). Noticing to Aayaat (in Arabic: ) has an interrelation with human actions and thoughts through the life .The most affective action that leads to confirmationof The Unseen is worshipping , specially the action of praying that is done in three realm of human being. The institutional form of action of praying is done in mosque architecture .Although apparently mosque architecture is done by literal materials in mulki realm of being, it shapes mosques of transcendent realms: ethereal and spiritual mosques. Mosque architecture in all realms has some rituals. What rituals should be done in mosque architecture and how the hierarchies of mosques in all realms of being have interconnected together this work answers by mystical paraphrase on the base of sources of Quran. In addition there are close relationships between hidden structures of themosques and the unseen concepts embodied in Persian language and literature of Iran, which indicates the religious beliefs. The places that have been created as the result of unseen concepts show that construction of famous mosques in Iran, especially in Isfahan style are immortal and timeless. A question arises in this context as to what factors have led to the manifestation of unseen concepts in the architecture of mosques Isfahan objectively? And what are the evidences of unseen confirmations that led to introspection and inner approach? In this regard, this research aims to answer the questions raised, especially in Jame mosque of Isfahan and tries to address the factors that led to themanifestation of the unseen in this building. The research method is the qualitative and describes the case study by using an analytical-introspective survey. First on the base of grounded theory method refers to the unseen sources of Persian literature of Iran Hafez's and Mulavi's lyrics to extract unseen concept, then introspective descriptions of case study are presented as introspection of manifestation of concepts in the architecture of mosque of Isfahan, in order to elucidate the effective factors in the immortality of this mosque. The results of this study indicate that the structure ofthe mosque is due to the manifestation of the unseen concepts, including literature and architecture, the possibility of creating the sense of approximation in this building.The emergence of the Unseen nature of existence is God's Hidden Manifestation in the mirror of creation, and human consciousness about the Absolute Unseen is the ultimate goal of creation, which always can be understood by worship. Because worshipping is the most appropriate mean to pay attention to inner realms. Then without worship and its accessories the unseen realm of existence will be left in hidden veil. Therefore, the architecture of the place-time of worship can be a container of intuition of unseen realms of existence. The paradigmatic allegorical immortal language of architecture has an organic interrelationship with thecosmology of Islam, which transmits the most appropriate aspects of the unseen that shapes the main meaning in slamic art as spirit of Islam. Spirit of Islam has penetrated into all activities and, wherever it may be, shows the presence of God. God's Presence manifests at first in verses and then allegorically in poems that reflect Islamic values. Jamé Mosque of Isfahan is a place full of confirmation of unseen in different periods, in desire to intuit unseen realities. In this mosque, concepts derived from the Hafez's and Mulavi's poems as a person who has indwelled in unseen realm and speaks about the realities allegorically that can be employed as esoteric meanings of architecturewith their manifestation in place and time. This research is done with hope to use the unseen meanings in mosque architecture to upgrade them as reminder of unseen realities and in a higher level as unseen places. Numerous issues related to the belief in unseen architecture of mosque give an explanation of how to convert the existing mosques (the same as Isfahan mosque) to desirable ones (future mosques).Keywords: "Unseen Architecture", "Unseen Literature"," Isfahan Jame` Mosque", "IntrospectiveDescriptions"

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection and advanced maternal age: Success or treatment failure

Infertility rate documented in Pakistan is 21.9% with only 25% success rate even after procedures like intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). This rate is further on the decline with enhancement of female age. We aimed to observe the effect of female age on oocyte parameters and reproductive outcome after ICSI. It was done by retrospective analysis of a quasi- experimental design carried out after approval from Ethical review board of Islamabad clinic serving infertile couples from July 2010 to August 2011. The response to ovarian stimulation in (282) females was assessed on the basis of groups, A, B, C and D with age ranges up to 25years; 25.1 to 30years; 30.1 to 35years and \u3e35years, respectively. The outcome was assessed as non-pregnant, preclinical abortion and clinical pregnancy groups on the basis of beta hCG and cardiac activity by trans-vaginal scan. We observed that maximum number of pregnancies 32 (38%) occurred in C group, and least 10 (10%) in group A. There was a statistical reduction in the number of mature and fertilized oocytes as the age advanced from group C to D (p\u3c0.05).This shows that reduction in maturity and fertilization of oocytes with advancement of age recommends early referral of couples to assisted reproductive clinics