Epidemiology and trend of stomach cancer mortality in Iran

Background and aims: Stomach cancer is one of the most common cancers and the second cause of deaths among cancers worldwide cancer in the world. This study aimed to estimate the rate and trend of death from stomach cancer in Iranian population between 2006 and 2010. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional conducted using mortality data in Iranian population between 2006 and 2010. The number of deaths, death rate, and sex ratio of mortality, mortality rates by age and gender groups, and trends of mortality from stomach cancer were calculated and reported. Cochrane Armitage test was used for linear trend by Winpepi software to study the trends of Stomach cancer mortality. Results: The results showed that between 2006 and 2010, 34950 cases of death have been reported from stomach cancer. The mortality rate per 100,000 reached from 11.22 in 2006 to 11.06 in 2010. All years studied indicated that death due to stomach cancer were higher in males than females. Also, with increasing age, the mortality rate of stomach cancer was increased. Conclusion: Our findings showed the decreasing trend of mortality due to stomach cancer may be due to increasing in lifespan and survival, enjoying the better diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for patients, and underestimation of the number of stomach cancer deaths. Since the cancer is the most frequent cause of death among cancers in Iran, additional investigation is necessary to determine the risk factors of the cancer to decline the mortality rate

Exploring the Implications of Different Occupancy Modelling Approaches for Building Performance Simulation Results

Occupancy patterns in building performance simulation are typically represented via fixed diversity profiles. More recently, stochastic models have been developed to generate random non-repeating occupancy profiles. In this context, an important question concerns the implications of occupancy modelling approaches for simulation results. The present contribution involves a virtual office building for which annual and peak heating and cooling demands are simulated. Thereby, both conventional and random profiles are deployed and different levels of occupants' interaction with building systems are modelled. For the specific case considered here, the results do not show a noticeable difference between conventional and stochastic occupancy models

ROUGH MULTI- PERIOD NETWORK DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS FOR EVALUATION OF SUPPLY CHAIN: A CASE STUDY OF SKILL TRAINING IN IRAN

The existence of a comprehensive and complete model, along with accurate and reliable data, helps to evaluate the performance of the supply chain. Given the different layers and various performances in designing the supply chain, a method that can analyze and evaluate such network structure is required. Moreover, data and conditions’ uncertainty highlight the need for a method that can also include uncertainty in evaluation. In this paper, designing a multi-period network is carried out with rough data to embed in various layers and levels of supply chain. The supply chain performance evaluation is performed using rough network data envelopment analysis. Rough Network Data Envelopment Analysis (RNDEA) is a proper method since it analyzes all the current factors in evaluation; besides, it provides efficiency scores for inefficient decision-making units and boundary forecasting for these units on an efficient border. The study’s outcomes reveal the efficiency of different factors in the designed network. On the other hand, unlike common data envelopment analysis that indicates the maximum of a factor efficiency, the efficiency priority is calculated in the proposed rough network model, and divisional efficiency also is determined in each step

Epidemiology and trends in mortality from liver cancer in Iran

Review: Background: Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer is. The true prevalence of infection in cancer remains unknown But the incidence of these cancers in 1.7 of all cases of cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the changes of liver cancer mortality in the population during the years 2006 to 2010. Materials and Methods: In this study, the reported data were used for the face of death in the country. After the initial planning of this study, data were collected during cancer-related deaths and entered into a pre-designed form. Results: The results of the calculation of mortality rates per hundred thousand people showed the death rate from cancer has increased from 4.78 to 5.37. The mortality rates in all years of the study show Liver cancer in men is higher than women with increasing age, the death rate from this cancer also increases. Discussion and conclusions: According to the research of liver cancer is on the rise and liver cancer screening in low therefore recommended that in patients with hepatitis B, liver cancer screening is to detect cases. Key words: Liver, cancer, the mortality , Iran

Trend of bladder cancer mortality in Iran (2006 to 2010)

Abstract Introduction: Bladder cancer is the most common tumor of the urinary tract and the ninth cancer in terms of incidence in both sexes in the world. Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer in men in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the trend of death from bladder cancer in Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by the use of data on mortality in Iran during 2006-10. Data on mortality from cancer within the study period were collected and entered on a pre-designed form. Mortality rates per 105 persons were calculated by age group and sex, and the trend of mortality from this cancer was determined. Results: The results from the calculation of mortality rates per 105 persons indicated that the death rate from bladder cancer is reduced from 1.12 to 1.09. The mortality rates during all the years under study showed that increasing age increases bladder cancer in men. Discussion: No particular change was observed in the analysis of the trend of tobacco use in Iran in the last two decades, which can be considered as one of the causes of constancy of mortality trend from bladder cancer. However, given the increase in the number of people over 65 and the observed growing trend in bladder cancer incidence in various regions of the country, it is recommended that health policies are adopted in order to prevent risk factors behind this type of cancer such as tobacco and harmful industrial materials

P53 Protein Expression in Dental Follicle, Dentigerous Cyst, Odontogenic Keratocyst, and Inflammatory Subtypes of Cysts: An Immunohistochemical Study

Objectives: An odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a developmental odontogenic cyst with aggressive clinical behavior. This cyst shows a different growth mechanism from the more common dentigerous cyst and now has been renamed as a keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT). Inflammation can assist tumor growth via different mechanisms including dysregulation of the p53 gene. This study aims to assess and compare the expression of tumor suppressor gene p53 in inflamed and non-inflamed types of OKC and dentigerous cyst. Methods: Immunohistochemical expression of p53 was assessed in 14 cases of dental follicle, 34 cases of OKC (including 18 inflamed OKCs), and 31 cases of dentigerous cyst (including 16 inflamed cysts). Results: The mean percentage of p53 positive cells was 0.7% in dental follicles, 5.4% in non-inflamed OKCs, 17.3% in inflamed OKCs, 1.2% in non-inflamed dentigerous cysts, and 2.2% in inflamed dentigerous cysts. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (p < 0.050) except for the difference between inflamed and non-inflamed dentigerous cysts, and between dental follicle and non-inflamed dentigerous cyst. Conclusions: The difference in p53 expression in OKC and dentigerous cyst can explain their different growth mechanism and clinical behavior. Inflammation is responsible for the change in behavior of neoplastic epithelium of OKC via p53 overexpression

Investigating the Relationship between Learning Approaches and Academic Achievement among the Students of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences

Background: The study approaches are among the effective factors in comprehensive academic achievement and performance. This study was conducted aiming at identifying the learning approaches of nursing and midwifery students of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences and its connection to their academic achievement. Method: This study is descriptive - cross-sectional conducted on 234 nursing and midwifery students of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences during the educational year of 2010-11. Data were collected by Approached and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIS) and also demographic information collection form. To determine the students’ academic achievement, their averages were used. To analyze the data, descriptive test and Chi-square test as well as the one-way ANOVA were used by SPSS version 16.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Results: results showed that more than 60% of students were using the in-depth approach. There was a significant relationship between the semester average among the nursing students and learning approaches (P=0.032), while no significant relationship was observed between the semester average among the midwifery students and learning approaches (P=0.270). conclusion: regarding the study results, it seems that the manner of application of teaching techniques and methods, the environmental conditions of student, assessment method and motivation among the students are the probable causes of the results. To encourage the student to use the deep learning approach, it is needed to teach the systematic teaching methods to instructors and promote the teaching qualitatively. Keywords: Learning Approach, Academic Achievement, Shahroud. &nbsp

Investigating the Relationship between Learning Approaches and Academic Achievement among the Students of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences

Background: The study approaches are among the effective factors in comprehensive academic achievement and performance. This study was conducted aiming at identifying the learning approaches of nursing and midwifery students of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences and its connection to their academic achievement. Method: This study is descriptive - cross-sectional conducted on 234 nursing and midwifery students of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences during the educational year of 2010-11. Data were collected by Approached and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIS) and also demographic information collection form. To determine the students’ academic achievement, their averages were used. To analyze the data, descriptive test and Chi-square test as well as the one-way ANOVA were used by SPSS version 16.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Results: results showed that more than 60% of students were using the in-depth approach. There was a significant relationship between the semester average among the nursing students and learning approaches (P=0.032), while no significant relationship was observed between the semester average among the midwifery students and learning approaches (P=0.270). conclusion: regarding the study results, it seems that the manner of application of teaching techniques and methods, the environmental conditions of student, assessment method and motivation among the students are the probable causes of the results. To encourage the student to use the deep learning approach, it is needed to teach the systematic teaching methods to instructors and promote the teaching qualitatively. Keywords: Learning Approach, Academic Achievement, Shahroud. &nbsp

A Global Building Occupant Behavior Database

This paper introduces a database of 34 field-measured building occupant behavior datasets collected from 15 countries and 39 institutions across 10 climatic zones covering various building types in both commercial and residential sectors. This is a comprehensive global database about building occupant behavior. The database includes occupancy patterns (i.e., presence and people count) and occupant behaviors (i.e., interactions with devices, equipment, and technical systems in buildings). Brick schema models were developed to represent sensor and room metadata information. The database is publicly available, and a website was created for the public to access, query, and download specific datasets or the whole database interactively. The database can help to advance the knowledge and understanding of realistic occupancy patterns and human-building interactions with building systems (e.g., light switching, set-point changes on thermostats, fans on/off, etc.) and envelopes (e.g., window opening/closing). With these more realistic inputs of occupants’ schedules and their interactions with buildings and systems, building designers, energy modelers, and consultants can improve the accuracy of building energy simulation and building load forecasting

Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached$8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total,$40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this,$13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and$1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4$2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7$1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd