15 research outputs found

    Modyfikacja granic plastyczno艣ci w modelu pasmowego p艂yni臋cia

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    From among of the deterministic models for fatigue crack growth predictions suitable for metallic materials a Strip Yield (SY) model can be considered the most general and powerful crack growth prediction tool owing to its applicability to arbitrary variable amplitude load histories. The SY model based on the conception of plasticity at the crack tip according to Dugdale, modified to accounting for the crack closure phenomena. The original Dugdale model is only valid for plane stress state conditions at the crack tip. Accounting for the triaxial stress conditions at the crack tip requires the yield stress modification, what is usually realized by using the suitable constraint factors. In the paper several concepts of the yield stress modification in the SY model have been described and notified. As it has been concluded the another important role of the constraint factors, in addition to accommodating in the SY model the triaxial stress state, is covering indirectly various processes which do affect crack growth, but cannot be treated in a rigorous way.Spo艣r贸d deterministycznych modeli do prognozowanie rozwoju p臋kni臋膰 zm臋czeniowych za koncepcj臋 najbardziej og贸ln膮 uwa偶any jest model pasmowego p艂yni臋cia (model SY), kt贸ry mo偶e by膰 zastosowany w przypadku dowolnych zmiennoamplitudowej historii obci膮偶enia. Opiera si臋 on na modelu plastyczno艣ci w wierzcho艂ku p臋kni臋cia wg Dugdale'a zmodyfikowanym w celu uwzgl臋dnienia zjawiska zamykania si臋 p臋kni臋cia spowodowanego uplastycznieniem materia艂u. Oryginalny model Dugdale'a odnosi si臋 jedynie do p艂askiego stanu napr臋偶enia. Uwzgl臋dnienie tr贸josiowego charakteru stanu napr臋偶enia wymaga w zwi膮zku z tym odpowiedniej modyfikacji granic plastyczno艣ci, co dokonywane jest na og贸艂 przy u偶yciu odpowiednich wsp贸艂czynnik贸w skr臋powania. W artykule om贸wiono i poddano ocenie istniej膮ce koncepcje modyfikacji granic plastyczno艣ci w modelu pasmowego p艂yni臋cia. Wykazano, 偶e poza uwzgl臋dnieniem tr贸josiowego charakteru stanu napr臋偶enia dodatkow膮 istotn膮 rol膮 wsp贸艂czynnik贸w skr臋powania w modelu pasmowego p艂yni臋cia jest odzwierciedlenie w spos贸b po艣redni szeregu zjawisk wp艂ywaj膮cych na proces zm臋czeniowego rozwoju p臋kni臋cia, kt贸rych nie mo偶na uwzgl臋dni膰 w spos贸b 艣cis艂y

    Zastosowanie modelu pasmowego p艂yni臋cia do prognozowania wzrostu p臋kni臋膰 zm臋czeniowych z stali konstrukcyjnej

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    A strip yield model implementation by the present authors is applied to predict fatigue crack growth observed in structural steel specimens under various constant and variable amplitude loading conditions. Attention is paid to the model calibration using the constraint factors in view of the dependence of both the crack closure mechanism and the material stress-strain response on the load history. Prediction capabilities of the model are considered in the context of the incompatibility between the crack growth resistance for constant and variable amplitude loading.Opracowany przez Autor贸w model pasmowego p艂yni臋cia zosta艂 zastosowany do prognozowania rozwoju p臋kni臋膰 zm臋czeniowych obserwowanych w badaniach zm臋czeniowych pr贸bek ze stali konstrukcyjnych w warunkach obci膮偶e艅 sta艂o- i zmiennoamplitudowych. Skoncentrowano si臋 g艂贸wnie na kalibracji modelu przy u偶yciu odpowiednio dobranych wsp贸艂czynnik贸w skr臋powania uwzgl臋dniaj膮cych zar贸wno mechanizm zamykania si臋 p臋kni臋cia jak i napr臋偶eniowo-odkszta艂ceniow膮 charakterystyk臋 materia艂u w艂a艣ciw膮 dla danej historii obci膮偶enia. Wyniki prognoz przy u偶yciu tak skalibrowanego modelu zosta艂y poddane gruntownej ocenie z uwzgl臋dnieniem r贸偶nic w rozwoju p臋kni臋膰 obserwowanych w przypadku obci膮偶e艅 sta艂o- i zmiennoamplitudowych

    Analysis of secondary bending for riveted joints with eccentricities

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    W artykule rozwa偶ono dwa proste modele teoretyczne zaproponowane do oceny efektu tzw. wt贸rnego zginania, kt贸ry towarzyszy rozci膮ganiu z艂膮czy nitowych zawieraj膮cych mimo艣rody. Modele te zastosowano nast臋pnie do analizy wp艂ywu poziomu obci膮偶enia i niekt贸rych parametr贸w geometrycznych zak艂adkowego z艂膮cza nitowego na napr臋偶enia spowodowane wt贸rnym zginaniem. Weryfikacja modeli, dokonana na podstawie dost臋pnych w literaturze danych eksperymentalnych i numerycznych, 艣wiadczy o ich zdolno艣ci do prawid艂owej oceny nominalnych napr臋偶e艅 wywo艂anych wt贸rnym zginaniem w krytycznych rz臋dach nit贸w. Przeprowadzone w artykule analizy wskazuj膮, 偶e trend spadku wytrzyma艂o艣ci zm臋czeniowej z艂膮cza w zale偶no艣ci od jego konfiguracji, widoczny w opublikowanych wynikach bada艅 zm臋czeniowych mimo艣rodowych po艂膮cze艅 nitowych blach z lotniczego stopu aluminium, mo偶na wi膮za膰 ze wzrostem udzia艂u wt贸rnego zginania. Jak jednak pokazano, amplituda nominalnego napr臋偶enia, uwzgl臋dniaj膮cego wp艂yw wt贸rnego zginania w krytycznym rz臋dzie nit贸w, nie koreluje w sensie ilo艣ciowym obserwowanej trwa艂o艣ci zm臋czeniowych tych po艂膮cze艅.Two simple theoretical models proposed for estimating the effect of secondary bending which occurs under tensile load in riveted joints with eccentricities are discussed. Both models have been applied to quantify the influence of the load level and of some lap joint design parameters on the stresses due to secondary bending. Comparisons between the model results and the experimental and numerical data available in the literature suggest that the models are capable of correct estimates on the nominal bending stresses at fatigue critical locations in the riveted joints with eccentricities. The present analyses indicate that the reported in the literature reduction in the riveted joint fatigue strength depending on its geometrical configuration can be linked to the increase in the amount of secondary bending. However, as shown in this paper, the amplitude of the combined, i.e., accounting for secondary bending, nominal stress, does not correlate quantitatively the observed fatigue life for these joints

    Badania rozwoju p臋kni臋膰 i trwa艂o艣ci zm臋czeniowej w zak艂adkowych po艂膮czeniach nitowych

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    Effects of variables related to design and production of riveted lap joints representative of longitudinal sheet connections for a pressurized transport aircraft fuselage were experimentally investigated. The specimens from an aircraft Al alloy D16 Alclad sheets of three different thicknesses (1.9, 1.2 and 0.8 mm) were assembled under load control using round head rivets and rivets with the compensator from a P24 Al alloy. For the joints from 1.9 mm thick sheets fatigue tests indicated a dependency of the crack initiation site and crack path on the squeeze force level and on the rivet type. At the same time, increasing the squeeze force led to improved fatigue properties of the joints, specimens assembled using the rivets with the compensator showing fatigue lives consistently longer than joints with the round head rivets. All observed trends have been explained based on hole expansion and load transfer measurements. For thin sheets connected using the round head rivets, local deformations and indentations under the driven rivet head promoted crack initiation and failure in the adjacent sheet. Fatigue test results indicated that the detrimental effect of this type imperfections could outweigh the benefits associated with a decrease in secondary bending due to thinning the sheets. The rivets with the compensator were observed to cause significant local imperfections beneath the manufactured head, which adversely affected the joint fatigue performance.Spos贸b zniszczenia i wytrzyma艂o艣膰 zm臋czeniowa po艂膮cze艅 zak艂adkowych stosowanych w lotnictwie zale偶y od wielu czynnik贸w technologicznych i konstrukcyjnych, a w szczeg贸lno艣ci od rodzaju nitu i si艂y jego zakuwania oraz grubo艣ci 艂膮czonych blach. W artykule om贸wiono te zagadnienia na przyk艂adzie blach o r贸偶nych grubo艣ciach z lotniczego stopu aluminium D16, po艂膮czonych zak艂adkowo za pomoc膮 nit贸w z 艂bem kulistym ze stopu PA24. Pr贸bki po艂膮cze艅 poddawane by艂y sta艂oamplitudowym obci膮偶eniom zm臋czeniowym przy r贸偶nych poziomach napr臋偶e艅 nominalnych. Wykazano, 偶e wraz ze wzrostem si艂y zakuwania nit贸w ro艣nie trwa艂o艣膰 zm臋czeniowa po艂膮czenia, a tor p臋kni臋cia oddala si臋 od przekroju netto blachy. Zaobserwowano, 偶e p臋kni臋cia zm臋czeniowe pojawiaj膮 si臋 w blasze, w kt贸rej ekspansja otwor贸w nitowych jest mniejsza, co z kolei zale偶y od rodzaju nitu. Trendy te wyja艣niono na podstawie wynik贸w pomiar贸w ekspansji otwor贸w nitowych wype艂nionych nitami zakutymi przy u偶yciu r贸偶nych si艂 oraz z uwzgl臋dnieniem wyznaczonego eksperymentalnie wzgl臋dnego udzia艂u poszczeg贸lnych rz臋d贸w nit贸w w transferze obci膮偶enia. Stwierdzono, 偶e nity z kompensatorem nie s膮 odpowiednie do 艂膮czenia cienkich blach; w trakcie zakuwania powstaj膮 znaczne deformacje z艂膮cza obni偶aj膮ce jego w艂asno艣ci zm臋czeniowe

    Numerical modelling of metal-elastomer spring nonlinear response for low-rate deformations

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    Advanced knowledge of mechanical characteristics of metal-elastomer springs is useful in their design process and selection. It can also be used in simulating dynamics of machine where such elements are utilized. Therefore this paper presents a procedure for preparing and executing FEM modelling of a single metal-elastomer spring, also called Neidhart鈥檚 spring, for low-rate deformations. Elastomer elements were made of SBR rubber of two hardness values: 50掳Sh and 70掳Sh. For the description of material behaviour the Bergstr枚m-Boyce model has been used

    A study of the preload force in metal-elastomer torsion springs

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    Neidhart type suspension units composed of metal-elastomer torsion springs can be a good alternative to steel helical springs in applications such as vibration absorbers or vehicle suspension systems. Assembling this type of spring requires initial preload of the elastomeric working elements, which determines their operating properties.The results of experimental tests and numerical simulations concerning the preload of elastomeric working elements in Neidhart type suspension units are presented in the paper. The performed research made it possible to propose a new calculation model for determining the preload force value acting on the elastomeric cylindrical elements applied in this type of suspension unit. The results obtained using the proposed model exhibit good convergence with FEM simulation results within the range of the tested geometrical and material properties

    AN ALGORITHM FOR EVALUATING CRACK CLOSURE FROM LOCAL COMPLIANCE MEASUREMENTS

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    Znaczenie podatno艣ci nit贸w w transferze obci膮偶enia w po艂膮czeniach zak艂adkowych

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    Presented in this paper are results of an experimental investigation on the rivet flexibility and load transmission in a riveted lap joint representative for the aircraft fuselage. The test specimens consisted of two aluminium alloy Alclad sheets joined with three rows of rivets. Rivet flexibility measurements have been performed under constant amplitude fatigue loading using several methods including two novel optical techniques developed by the present authors. The axial forces in the sheets required to determine the rivet flexibility have been derived from strain gauge measurements. In order to eliminate the effect of sheet bending the strain gauges have been bonded at the same locations on the outside and faying surface of the sheet. Variations of the rivet flexibility during the fatigue loading as well as the dependence of the rivet flexibility and load transmission on the rivet squeeze force have been studied. The experiments enabled to evaluate the usefulness of various techniques to determine the rivet flexibility. It was observed that although the measured flexibility was identical for both outer rivet rows, the load transfer through either of these rows was different. Previous experimental results of the authors suggest that the non-symmetrical load transfer distribution through the joint is associated with large differences between the rivet hole expansion in the sheet adjacent to the driven rivet head and the sheet under the manufactured head. It has been concluded that commonly used computation procedures according to which the load transfer is only related to the rivet flexibility may lead to erroneous results.Przedstawiono wyniki pomiar贸w podatno艣ci nit贸w oraz transferu obci膮偶enia przez poszczeg贸lne rz臋dy nit贸w w zak艂adkowym po艂膮czeniu typowym dla konstrukcji lotniczych. Blachy ze stopu aluminium D16CzATW 艂膮czono trzema rz臋dami nit贸w zakuwanych z dwoma r贸偶nymi si艂ami. Prowadzone przy sta艂ej amplitudzie obci膮偶enia pomiary podatno艣ci nit贸w pozwoli艂y na por贸wnanie i okre艣lenie u偶yteczno艣ci r贸偶nych technik pomiaru, w tym dw贸ch oryginalnych metod optycznych zaproponowanych przez Autor贸w. Konieczne do okre艣lenia podatno艣ci nit贸w osiowe si艂y dzia艂aj膮ce w poszczeg贸lnych przekrojach poprzecznych 艂膮czonych blach wyznaczano przy u偶yciu tensometr贸w oporowych. Zbadano wp艂yw si艂y zakuwania na transfer obci膮偶enia przez poszczeg贸lne rz臋dy nit贸w oraz na podatno艣膰 nit贸w na r贸偶nych etapach trwa艂o艣ci zm臋czeniowej po艂膮czenia. Stwierdzono nieco mniejsz膮 podatno艣膰 nit贸w w 艣rodkowym rz臋dzie po艂膮czenia w por贸wnaniu z rz臋dami skrajnymi. Chocia偶 w obu skrajnych rz臋dach podatno艣ci nit贸w by艂y takie same, to transfer obci膮偶enia przez ka偶dy z nich by艂 inny. Wynika st膮d, 偶e zwykle stosowane procedury obliczeniowe uzale偶niaj膮ce transfer obci膮偶enia od samej tylko podatno艣ci nit贸w prowadzi膰 mog膮 do zafa艂szowanych wynik贸w

    Correlation between experiments and strip-Yield model results on fatigue crack growth in a structural steel

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    Plasticity induced crack closure is a leading mechanism to control main aspects of fatigue crack growth (e.g. stress ratio and load interaction effects) in metallic materials. The so-called Strip Yield model has proved to be the most versatile and powerful tool for estimating closure levels but its application to structural steels is not straightforward. This paper addresses the Strip Yield model applicability to a low strength structural steel. First, crack growth tests coupled with closure measurements by the compliance method have been carried out. It has been found that only the local compliance technique yields an adequate evaluation of closure, provided that the processing of the load-strain data accounts for compliance variations for the fully open crack. Subsequently, cyclic deformations near the crack tip have been simulated employing the Strip Yield model in conjunction with a novel method based on Westergaard鈥檚 complex potential. The analyses show that several conceptions of a constraint on yielding of the strip elements can be suitable in terms of the closure estimation but the local cyclic deformations are, in general, inadequately described

    Podatno艣膰 nit贸w oraz transfer obci膮偶enia w nitowanych po艂膮czeniach zak艂adkowych

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    Presented in this paper are results of an experimental investigation on the rivet flexibility and load transmission in a riveted lap joint representative for the aircraft fuselage. The test specimens consisted of two aluminium alloy Alclad sheets joined with 3 rows of rivets. Two different squeeze forces were applied to install the rivets. Rivet flexibility measurements have been performed under constant amplitude fatigue loading using several methods including two original optical techniques developed by the present authors. The axial tractions in the sheets required to determine the rivet flexibility have been derived from strain gauge measurements. In order to eliminate the effect of secondary bending the strain gauges have been bonded at the same locations on the outside and faying surface of the sheet. The experiments enabled an evaluation of the usefulness of various techniques to determine the rivet flexibility. It was observed that, although the measured flexibility was identical for both end rivet rows, the load transfer through either of these rows was different. Previous experimental results by the present authors suggest that behind the non-symmetrical load transfer distribution through the joint are large differences between the rivet hole expansion in the sheet adjacent to the driven rivet head and the sheet under the manufactured head. It has been concluded that commonly used computation procedures according to which the load transfer is only related to the rivet flexibility may lead to erroneous results.W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki eksperymentalnych bada艅 podatno艣ci nit贸w oraz transferu obci膮偶enia w nitowanych po艂膮czeniach zak艂adkowych, typowych dla kad艂uba samolotu. Badania prowadzono przy sta艂ej amplitudzie obci膮偶enia, na blachach z lotniczego stopu aluminium D16 po艂膮czonych trzema rz臋dami nit贸w przy dw贸ch r贸偶nych si艂ach ich zakuwania. Do pomiaru podatno艣ci nit贸w zastosowano kilka r贸偶nych metod w tym zaproponowane przez autor贸w dwie oryginalne metody optyczne. Por贸wnywanie uzyskanych dzi臋ki nim wynik贸w umo偶liwi艂o ocen臋 u偶yteczno艣ci poszczeg贸lnych technik do wyznaczenia podatno艣ci nit贸w. Udzia艂 poszczeg贸lnych rz臋d贸w nit贸w w przenoszeniu obci膮偶enia okre艣lony zosta艂 na drodze pomiar贸w tensometrycznych. Celem uwzgl臋dnienia zjawiska wt贸rnego zginania tensometry oporowe mocowane by艂y w rejonie zak艂adki parami tj. na wewn臋trznej i zewn臋trznej powierzchni jednej z 艂膮czonych blach. Stwierdzono nieco mniejsz膮 podatno艣膰 nit贸w w 艣rodkowym rz臋dzie po艂膮czenia w por贸wnaniu z rz臋dami skrajnymi. Jakkolwiek w obu skrajnych rz臋dach podatno艣ci nit贸w by艂y takie same, to transfer obci膮偶enia przez ka偶dy z nich by艂 inny. Wyniki wykonanych wcze艣niej bada艅 wskazuj膮, 偶e ten brak symetrii w transferze obci膮偶enia mo偶e mie膰 zwi膮zek ze znacznie wi臋ksz膮 ekspansj膮 otworu nitowego w blasze po stronie zakuwki ni偶 po stronie g艂owy fabrycznej. Wynika st膮d, 偶e zwykle stosowane procedury obliczeniowe uzale偶niaj膮ce transfer obci膮偶enia od samej tylko podatno艣ci nit贸w, prowadzi膰 mog膮 do zafa艂szowanych wynik贸w
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