Gender crime convergence over twenty years

Men have typically been responsible for the majority of criminal activity and dominate prison populations around the globe. The twentieth century witnessed significant male-female convergence in a myriad of positive dimensions including human capital acquisition, labour force participation and wages. This has prompted the question, to what extent are women ‘looking more like men’? In this paper we examine whether similar forces are at play in the context of criminality. We study the pattern of gender convergence in crime using rich administrative data on the population of young people in Queensland, Australia. We present evidence of significant narrowing of the gender gap in criminal activity over the course of the last twenty years. Crime convergence occurs for broad aggregates of both property and violent crime, as well as for almost all sub-component categories. Convergence occurs largely because crime has fallen significantly for men, combined with much less of a downward trend for women. Results are supported by aggregate analysis of rates of offending in police force districts matched to census data by gender between 2001 and 2016

Gender crime convergence over twenty years: evidence from Australia

Historically men have been responsible for the majority of criminal activity and dominate prison populations around the globe. The twentieth century witnessed significant male–female convergence in a myriad of positive dimensions including human capital acquisition, labour force participation and wages. This has prompted the question, to what extent are women ‘looking more like men’? In this paper we examine whether similar forces are at play in the context of criminality. We study the pattern of gender convergence in crime using rich administrative data on the population of young people in Queensland, Australia. The evidence points to a significant narrowing of the gender gap in criminal activity over the course of the last twenty years. Crime convergence occurs for broad aggregates of both property and violent crime, as well as for almost all sub-component categories. Convergence occurs largely because crime has fallen significantly for men, combined with no downward trend for women. This is confirmed by aggregate analysis of rates of offending in police force districts matched to Census data by gender between 2001 and 201

Establishing professional role congruity within the discipline of mental health nursing

Over the period of the last century in the United Kingdom mental health nursing roles have evolved and adapted in response to changes in mental health related policy and associated changes in the ethos, structure and delivery of mental health services. The conceptual framework informing this thesis drew upon the theoretical perspective of symbolic interactionism underpinning a qualitative, grounded theory approach augmented with the use of situational analysis to explore the processes involved in the development and maintenance of professional role congruity. 'Role congruity' is defined as a functional balance between aspects of role adequacy, role legitimacy and role support. Nine student and ten registered mental health nurses were depth interviewed between 2012 and 2016. Analysis of data was conducted using grounded theory data analysis approaches, with the research context incorporated into analysis using the mapping processes of situational analysis. This analysis yielded the formulation of a grounded theory model entitled 'Establishing Role Congruity', capturing the processes involved in developing and maintaining professional role congruity for this group of mental health nurses. Situational analysis enriched this model by contextualising the captured processes within 'social worlds' and discourses evident within the mental health practice arena. On the basis of this analysis, a conceptual model of 'Role Congruity Alignment' is proposed together with recommendations for contemporary and future mental health nursing roles with regard to the balance between 'generic/eclectic' functions and roles specialising in terms of service user groups and/or therapeutic interventions. Attendant implications for the initial education and subsequent continuing professional development of mental health nurses are summarised

Experimental Investigations of Elastic Tail Propulsion at Low Reynolds Number

A simple way to generate propulsion at low Reynolds number is to periodically oscillate a passive flexible filament. Here we present a macroscopic experimental investigation of such a propulsive mechanism. A robotic swimmer is constructed and both tail shape and propulsive force are measured. Filament characteristics and the actuation are varied and resulting data are quantitatively compared with existing linear and nonlinear theories

Larrikin youth: new evidence on crime and schooling

This paper reports new evidence on the causal link between education and male youth crime using individual level state-wide administrative data for Queensland, Australia. Enactment of the Earning or Learning education reform of 2006, with a mandatory increase in minimum school leaving age, is used to identify a causal impact of schooling on male youth crime. The richness of the matched (across agency) individual level panel data enables the analysis to shed significant light on the extent to which the causal impact reflects incapacitation, or whether more schooling acts to reduce crime after youths have left compulsory schooling. The empirical analysis uncovers a significant incapacitation effect, as remaining in school for longer reduces crime whilst in school, but also a sizeable crime reducing impact of education for young men in their late teens and early twenties. We also carry out analysis by major crime type and differentiate between single and multiple offending behaviour. Crime reduction effects are concentrated in property crime and single crime incidence, rather than altering the behaviour of the recalcitrant persistent offende

The Australian Handbook for Careers in Psychological Science

Despite psychology being one of the most popular undergraduate programs, students often report not knowing how training in psychology relates to careers. With chapters written by experts across Australia, this book explores just some of the many ways that students can apply their training in psychological science across a variety of careers and sectors

Developing a measure of respectful workplaces

The concept of civility in the workplace is attracting attention as a focus for interventions that improve employee morale, productivity, and psychological wellbeing. Civility refers to behaviour that is considerate and respectful to others. Its converse, incivility, embraces a range of behaviours that show disrespect. Civility has positive consequences for individuals and organizations whilst incivility has the opposite effect. This technical report describes the development and validation of a measure of civility in the workplace

Larrikin youth: crime and Queensland's earning or learning reform

This paper analyses the impact of the introduction of an Earning or Learning reform on youth crime in Queensland, Australia. The 2006 reform increased learning and reduced earning as school participation rose post-reform, while teen employment fell. Empirical analysis of detailed administrative data reveals that criminal offending fell significantly after enactment of the reform. For males, violent, property and drug crime all declined, while the main effect for females was a significant fall in property crime. The property and drug crime falls are underpinned by a significant incapacitation effect, with some evidence of a persistent crime reduction for young men and women at later ages. Crime reduction resulting from the reform is concentrated in significant falls in the likelihood of ever offending by marginal individuals, rather than lower criminality of recalcitrant persistent offenders

The re-birth of the "beat": A hyperlocal online newsgathering model

This is an Author's Accepted Manuscript of an article published in Journalism Practice, 6(5-6), 754 - 765, 2012, copyright Taylor & Francis, available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/17512786.2012.667279.Scholars have long lamented the death of the 'beat' in news journalism. Today's journalists generate more copy than they used to, a deluge of PR releases often keeping them in the office, and away from their communities. Consolidation in industry has dislodged some journalists from their local sources. Yet hyperlocal online activity is thriving if journalists have the time and inclination to engage with it. This paper proposes an exploratory, normative schema intended to help local journalists systematically map and monitor their own hyperlocal online communities and contacts, with the aim of re-establishing local news beats online as networks. This model is, in part, technologically-independent. It encompasses proactive and reactive news-gathering and forward planning approaches. A schema is proposed, developed upon suggested news-gathering frameworks from the literature. These experiences were distilled into an iterative, replicable schema for local journalism. This model was then used to map out two real-world 'beats' for local news-gathering. Journalists working within these local beats were invited to trial the models created. It is hoped that this research will empower journalists by improving their information auditing, and could help re-define journalists' relationship with their online audiences

Educators’ perceptions of their experiences of transnational education in nursing: A grounded theory study

AimThe study aim was to explore educators’ perceptions of their experiences of participating in transnational education in nursing.BackgroundIn an increasingly globalised world, involvement with the delivery of transnational education has become commonplace across the international higher education sector. In recent years, transnational education within the academic discipline of nursing has developed at pace, evolving in response to a global need to invest in nurse education, address nursing shortages and strengthen nursing leadership. However, despite acknowledgement that transnational education is a complex activity that needs to be more fully understood, research specifically exploring transnational education in nursing is scarce, as previous studies predominantly focus on other academic disciplines. The study addresses this knowledge gap, advancing understanding of transnational education in the context of nursing.DesignThe study was positioned within the interpretivist paradigm and underpinned by a constructivist grounded theory methodological design, acknowledging the prior knowledge and experience of the research team in relation to phenomenon under investigation.MethodsEthical approval was obtained before the study commenced, ensuring adherence to key ethical principles. The study was conducted during May to August 2020, in a university in the North of England that provides undergraduate and postgraduate nurse education in the United Kingdom and transnational context. Participants were recruited via e mail and invited to complete a brief questionnaire, informing a preliminary theoretical sampling strategy. Ten educators with experience of transnational education across a diverse range of international locations participated in individual, semi-structured, online interviews that were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using initial and focused coding, constant comparison, theoretical memos and diagrams.FindingsThe findings uncovered three overarching data categories, each of which were crucial to supporting effective transnational education in nursing. Prepare- involved developing an understanding of the context of healthcare and education, being supported and collaborating with transnational partners. Perform- involved recognising language and cultural influences, adapting to the environment and implementing responsive educational pedagogies. Progress- involved recognition of personal development at individual level and valuing the benefits at organisational level.ConclusionsAlthough transnational education in nursing can be challenging and complex, it can offer worthwhile advantages for all stakeholders. However, effective transnational education in nursing is dependent on strategies which prepare educators appropriately and enable them to perform effectively, thereby promoting successful outcomes at individual, organisational and transnational partner level and facilitating advancement in future potential collaborative activity