Melatonin Chimeras Alter Reproductive Development and Photorefractoriness in Siberian Hamsters

Nightly melatonin (MEL) durations > 8 h provoke gonadal regression and decreases in body mass, whereas signals < 7 h stimulate gonadal and somatic growth in male Siberian hamsters. The authors sought to determine the minimum frequency of short MEL signals sufficient to induce the long-day phenotype in several photoperiodic traits. D,L-propranolol (hereafter propranolol) injections shortened MEL signals on the night of treatment without altering MEL on the subsequent night; this permitted interpolation of short MEL signals at variable frequencies against a background of long MEL signals (chimeras). Hamsters kept in short days (10 h light/day, 10L) were injected with propranolol 6 h after dark onset for 28 consecutive weeks beginning at 30 days of age (Week 0) either every other day or once every 3, 6, or 9 days. Control animals were injected with saline or with propranolol during the light phase or were transferred to long days (16L) at Week 0. Hamsters in 16L underwent rapid gonadal development and increases in body mass and displayed summer pelage color, as did hamsters treated with propranolol every other day. Animals treated with propranolol less frequently than every other day uniformly maintained undeveloped gonads and winter-like body weights, but pelage color becameproportionately darker with increased frequency of propranolol treatments. The onset of spontaneous testicular development in 10L was unaffected by propranolol injections. After termination of injections at Week 28, testicular regression was not observed in most 10L animals that previously had undergone spontaneous testicular development; however, 40% of hamsters that had been injected with propranolol every 3rd night did manifest the winter phenotype after Week 28. In an alternating sequence, short MEL signals completely override long signals and induce the summer phenotype. Threshold frequencies differ for MEL stimulation of long-day pelage and gonadal phenotypes. The timing and development of refractoriness to MEL does not depend in any simple manner on the number of long MEL signals or on the accumulation of a reaction product produced by long, and depleted by short, MEL signals.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67291/2/10.1177_074873098129000345.pd

Optical response of grain boundaries in upgraded metallurgical-grade silicon for photovoltaics

Using upgraded metallurgical-grade silicon (UMG-Si) is a cost-effective and energy-efficient approach for the production of solar cells. Grain boundaries (GBs) play a major role in determining the device performance of multicrystalline Si (mc-Si) solar cells. In this study two UMG-Si wafers, one from the middle part of a brick and the other from the top part of the same brick, were investigated. An excellent correlation was found between the grain misorientation and the corresponding optical response of GBs as indicated by photoluminescence (PL) imaging, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the PL features at random GBs depend also on the impurity levels in the wafer. In particular the PL emission was greatly enhanced in the narrow regions close to the random GB in the top wafer, which is an interesting phenomenon that may have potential application in high efficiency light-emission diodes (LEDs) based on Si. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.postprin

Coordinated Fc-effector and neutralization functions in HIV-infected children define a window of opportunity for HIV vaccination

OBJECTIVES: Antibody function has been extensively studied in HIV-infected adults but is relatively understudied in children. Emerging data suggests enhanced development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in children but Fc effector functions in this group are less well defined. Here, we profiled overall antibody function in HIV-infected children. DESIGN: Plasma samples from a cross-sectional study of 50 antiretroviral therapy-naive children (aged 1-11 years) vertically infected with HIV-1 clade A were screened for HIV-specific binding antibody levels and neutralizing and Fc-mediated functions. METHODS: Neutralization breadth was determined against a globally representative panel of 12 viruses. HIV-specific antibody levels were determined using a multiplex assay. Fc-mediated antibody functions measured were antibody-dependent: cellular phagocytosis (ADCP); neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP); complement deposition (ADCD) and natural killer function (ADNK). RESULTS: All children had HIV gp120-specific antibodies, largely of the IgG1 subtype. Fifty-four percent of the children exhibited more than 50% neutralization breadth, with older children showing significantly broader neutralization activity. Apart from ADCC, observed only in 16% children, other Fc-mediated functions were common (>58% children). Neutralization breadth correlated with Fc-mediated functions suggesting shared determinants of enhanced antibody function exist. CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with previous observations that children may develop high levels of neutralization breadth. Furthermore, the striking association between neutralization breadth and Fc effector function suggests that HIV vaccination in children could yield multifunctional antibodies. Paediatric populations may therefore provide an ideal window of opportunity for HIV vaccination strategies

Do female association preferences predict the likelihood of reproduction?

Sexual selection acting on male traits through female mate choice is commonly inferred from female association preferences in dichotomous mate choice experiments. However, there are surprisingly few empirical demonstrations that such association preferences predict the likelihood of females reproducing with a particular male. This information is essential to confirm association preferences as good predictors of mate choice. We used green swordtails (&lt;i&gt;Xiphophorus helleri&lt;/i&gt;) to test whether association preferences predict the likelihood of a female reproducing with a male. Females were tested for a preference for long- or short-sworded males in a standard dichotomous choice experiment and then allowed free access to either their preferred or non-preferred male. If females subsequently failed to produce fry, they were provided a second unfamiliar male with similar sword length to the first male. Females were more likely to reproduce with preferred than non-preferred males, but for those that reproduced, neither the status (preferred/non-preferred) nor the sword length (long/short) of the male had an effect on brood size or relative investment in growth by the female. There was no overall preference based on sword length in this study, but male sword length did affect likelihood of reproduction, with females more likely to reproduce with long- than short-sworded males (independent of preference for such males in earlier choice tests). These results suggest that female association preferences are good indicators of female mate choice but that ornament characteristics of the male are also important

Survey of the needs of patients with spinal cord injury: impact and priority for improvement in hand function in tetraplegics\ud

Objective: To investigate the impact of upper extremity deficit in subjects with tetraplegia.\ud \ud Setting: The United Kingdom and The Netherlands.\ud \ud Study design: Survey among the members of the Dutch and UK Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Associations.\ud \ud Main outcome parameter: Indication of expected improvement in quality of life (QOL) on a 5-point scale in relation to improvement in hand function and seven other SCI-related impairments.\ud \ud Results: In all, 565 subjects with tetraplegia returned the questionnaire (overall response of 42%). Results in the Dutch and the UK group were comparable. A total of 77% of the tetraplegics expected an important or very important improvement in QOL if their hand function improved. This is comparable to their expectations with regard to improvement in bladder and bowel function. All other items were scored lower.\ud \ud Conclusion: This is the first study in which the impact of upper extremity impairment has been assessed in a large sample of tetraplegic subjects and compared to other SCI-related impairments that have a major impact on the life of subjects with SCI. The present study indicates a high impact as well as a high priority for improvement in hand function in tetraplegics.\ud \u

Structural and micro-anatomical changes in vertebrae associated with idiopathic-type spinal curvature in the curveback guppy model

Background: The curveback lineage of guppy is characterized by heritable idiopathic-type spinal curvature thatdevelops during growth. Prior work has revealed several important developmental similarities to the human idiopathicscoliosis (IS) syndrome. In this study we investigate structural and histological aspects of the vertebrae that areassociated with spinal curvature in the curveback guppy and test for sexual dimorphism that might explain a femalebias for severe curve magnitudes in the population.Methods: Vertebrae were studied from whole-mount skeletal specimens of curved and non-curved adult males andfemales. A series of ratios were used to characterize structural aspects of each vertebra. A three-way analysis of variancetested for effects of sex, curvature, vertebral position along the spine, and all 2-way interactions (i.e., sex and curvature,sex and vertebra position, and vertebra position and curvature). Histological analyses were used to characterize microarchitecturalchanges in affected vertebrae and the intervertebral region.Results: In curveback, vertebrae that are associated with curvature demonstrate asymmetric shape distortion,migration of the intervertebral ligament, and vertebral thickening on the concave side of curvature. There is sexualdimorphism among curved individuals such that for several vertebrae, females have more slender vertebrae than domales. Also, in the region of the spine where lordosis typically occurs, curved and non-curved females have a reducedwidth at the middle of their vertebrae, relative to males.Conclusions: Based on similarities to human spinal curvatures and to animals with induced curves, the concaveconvexbiases described in the guppy suggest that there is a mechanical component to curve pathogenesis incurveback. Because idiopathic-type curvature in curveback is primarily a sagittal deformity, it is structurally more similarto Scheuermann kyphosis than IS. Anatomical differences between teleosts and humans make direct biomechanicalcomparisons difficult. However, study of basic biological systems involved in idiopathic-type spinal curvature incurveback may provide insight into the relationship between a predisposing aetiology, growth, and biomechanics.Further work is needed to clarify whether observed sex differences in vertebral characteristics are related to the femalebias for severe curves that is observed in the population

From Nonspecific DNA–Protein Encounter Complexes to the Prediction of DNA–Protein Interactions

©2009 Gao, Skolnick. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000341DNA–protein interactions are involved in many essential biological activities. Because there is no simple mapping code between DNA base pairs and protein amino acids, the prediction of DNA–protein interactions is a challenging problem. Here, we present a novel computational approach for predicting DNA-binding protein residues and DNA–protein interaction modes without knowing its specific DNA target sequence. Given the structure of a DNA-binding protein, the method first generates an ensemble of complex structures obtained by rigid-body docking with a nonspecific canonical B-DNA. Representative models are subsequently selected through clustering and ranking by their DNA–protein interfacial energy. Analysis of these encounter complex models suggests that the recognition sites for specific DNA binding are usually favorable interaction sites for the nonspecific DNA probe and that nonspecific DNA–protein interaction modes exhibit some similarity to specific DNA–protein binding modes. Although the method requires as input the knowledge that the protein binds DNA, in benchmark tests, it achieves better performance in identifying DNA-binding sites than three previously established methods, which are based on sophisticated machine-learning techniques. We further apply our method to protein structures predicted through modeling and demonstrate that our method performs satisfactorily on protein models whose root-mean-square Ca deviation from native is up to 5 Å from their native structures. This study provides valuable structural insights into how a specific DNA-binding protein interacts with a nonspecific DNA sequence. The similarity between the specific DNA–protein interaction mode and nonspecific interaction modes may reflect an important sampling step in search of its specific DNA targets by a DNA-binding protein

Riparian ecotones and spatial variation of fish assemblages in Portuguese lowland streams

The first results of a long-term study on the role of riparian ecotones on the population and community dynamics of Iberian stream fish are presented and discussed . Riparian and macrophyte cover, bank slope and depth were among the most important variables affecting fish distribution . In general small fish favoured shallow areas with high macrophyte cover, whereas large fish dominated in deep areas with a high riparian cover . Slight spatial changes in terrestrial prey use were found suggesting a minor role for this resource during autumn . Finally, no significant spatial differences were found for linear growth, although some differences were obtained for the condition facto

Singlet oxygen luminescence as an in vivo photodynamic therapy dose metric: validation in normal mouse skin with topical amino-levulinic acid

Although singlet oxygen (1O2) has long been proposed as the primary reactive oxygen species in photodynamic therapy (PDT), it has only recently been possible to detect it in biological systems by its luminescence at 1270 nm. Having previously demonstrated this in vitro and in vivo, we showed that cell survival was strongly correlated to the 1O2 luminescence in cell suspensions over a wide range of treatment parameters. Here, we extend this to test the hypothesis that the photobiological response in vivo is also correlated with 1O2 generation, independent of individual treatment parameters. The normal skin of SKH1-HR hairless mice was sensitised with 20% amino-levulinic acid-induced protoporophyrin IX and exposed to 5, 11, 22 or 50 J cm−2 of pulsed 523 nm light at 50 mW cm−2, or to 50 J cm−2 at 15 or 150 mW cm−2. 1O2 luminescence was measured during treatment and the photodynamic response of the skin was scored daily for 2 weeks after treatment. As observed by other authors, a strong irradiance dependence of the PDT effect was observed. However, in all cases the responses increased with the 1O2 luminescence, independent of the irradiance, demonstrating for the first time in vivo an unequivocal mechanistic link between 1O2 generation and photobiological response