New Clathrin-Based Nanoplatforms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has high spatial resolution, but low sensitivity for visualization of molecular targets in the central nervous system (CNS). Our goal was to develop a new MRI method with the potential for non-invasive molecular brain imaging. We herein introduce new bio-nanotechnology approaches for designing CNS contrast media based on the ubiquitous clathrin cell protein. Methodology/Principal Findings: The first approach utilizes three-legged clathrin triskelia modified to carry 81 gadolinium chelates. The second approach uses clathrin cages self-assembled from triskelia and designed to carry 432 gadolinium chelates. Clathrin triskelia and cages were characterized by size, structure, protein concentration, and chelate and gadolinium contents. Relaxivity was evaluated at 0.47 T. A series of studies were conducted to ascertain whether fluorescent-tagged clathrin nanoplatforms could cross the blood brain barriers (BBB) unaided following intranasal, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes of administration. Clathrin nanoparticles can be constituted as triskelia (18.5 nm in size), and as cages assembled from them (55 nm). The mean chelate: clathrin heavy chain molar ratio was 27.0464.8: 1 fo

How can blockchain-based lending platforms support microcredit activities in developing countries? An empirical validation of its opportunities and challenges

The aim of this paper is to explore the opportunities and challenges of using blockchain technology to support microcredit activities of microfinance institutions operating in developing countries. Microfinance is widely regarded as a tool for poverty alleviation and a means of integrating the unbanked population into the financial system. Using expert interviews from several industries including microfinance and blockchain, we explore the potential and challenges of blockchain-based platforms in microcredit settings. The findings suggest that blockchains could create credible financial profiles for lenders, automate contracting through smart contracts and attract funds at lower costs. However, coordination complexities, strategic issues, and privacy concerns are key challenges to blockchain implementation. The study advances the understanding of blockchain applicability in the microcredit space and carries practical significance for microfinance institutions as to how blockchain can — in combination with mobile money — improve operational efficiency and strengthen governance on microcredit activities.</p