One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains

Amazonia's floodplain system is the largest and most biodiverse on Earth. Although forests are crucial to the ecological integrity of floodplains, our understanding of their species composition and how this may differ from surrounding forest types is still far too limited, particularly as changing inundation regimes begin to reshape floodplain tree communities and the critical ecosystem functions they underpin. Here we address this gap by taking a spatially explicit look at Amazonia-wide patterns of tree-species turnover and ecological specialization of the region's floodplain forests. We show that the majority of Amazonian tree species can inhabit floodplains, and about a sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is ecologically specialized on floodplains. The degree of specialization in floodplain communities is driven by regional flood patterns, with the most compositionally differentiated floodplain forests located centrally within the fluvial network and contingent on the most extraordinary flood magnitudes regionally. Our results provide a spatially explicit view of ecological specialization of floodplain forest communities and expose the need for whole-basin hydrological integrity to protect the Amazon's tree diversity and its function.Naturali

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees

Variabilidade espacial e temporal da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração em áreas com e sem manejo químico localizado Spatial and temporal variability of the soil mechanical resistance to penetration in areas with and without site-specific chemical application

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento das variabilidades (espacial e temporal) por meio da técnica de escalonamento de semivariogramas, da variável resistência mecânica do solo à penetração (RMSP) nas camadas de 0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,3 m, para os anos de 1999 a 2001, sob duas formas de manejo: com manejo químico localizado (CML) e sem manejo químico localizado (SML). Os resultados demonstraram que a variável RMSP apresentou variabilidade espacial com comportamento distinto, conforme a camada e o ano de estudo. A variável RMSP apresentou variabilidade temporal tanto nas parcelas CML quanto nas parcelas SML. As duas formas de manejo (com manejo químico localizado (CML) e sem manejo químico localizado (SML)) não influenciaram o comportamento espacial da variável resistência mecânica do solo à penetração (RMSP). O escalonamento dos semivariogramas reduziu o tempo computacional de ajuste dos modelos, não apresentando diferenças no comportamento e amplitude da variabilidade espacial em relação aos semivariogramas não escalonados.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the behavior of the spatial and temporal variabilities with the technique of rescaling semivariograms. Study variable was the soil mechanical resistance to penetration (SMRP) in the layers 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3 m for the years of 1999 to 2001, under two management systems: with (WSS) and without site-specific nutrient management (NoSS). Results demonstrated that the variable SMRP presented spatial variability with different behavior, according to the soil layer and study year. The variable SMRP presented temporal variability in both management systems. These two systems did not influence the space behavior of the study variable (RMSP). Reescaling of the semivariograms reduced the computing time of model adjustment, and did not present differences in behavior or range of the space variability compared to the not rescaled semivariograms