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    Mechanical systems subjected to generalized nonholonomic constraints

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    We study mechanical systems subject to constraint functions that can be dependent at some points and independent at the rest. Such systems are modelled by means of generalized codistributions. We discuss how the constraint force can transmit an impulse to the motion at the points of dependence and derive an explicit formula to obtain the ``post-impact'' momentum in terms of the ``pre-impact'' momentum.Comment: 24 pages, no figure

    ΠœΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° России: Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ отсчСта

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    The author traces the evolution of the conceptual foundations of Russia’s migration policy and the features of its implementation at various stages of social, economic and political development of the country. The analysis focuses on the geopolitical specifics of Russia’s migration policy: after the collapse of the USSR, tens of millions of the country’s citizens ended up abroad. Return to the sources of the conceptualization of the Russian migration policy, capture of the underrated factors has a significant practical importance to mainstream and optimize it nowadays. Contradictory tendencies in the development of migration processes, unrealized opportunities, mistakes and miscalculations made in the first post-Soviet years are revealed; all the positive things that have been brought into the migration sphere over three decades are noted. The author identifies several stages that have their peculiarities that characterize the dynamics of changes and the evolution of the conceptual approaches of the state to this very complex and multi-layered problem. And at each stage there is a difficult search for answers to unresolved old and new questions that life poses to Russia with its contradictions, illogisms, and paradoxes. The author concludes that the coronavirus pandemic, which caused global social and economic upheavals in the world, will become a force majeure test for Russia’s migration policy.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прослСТиваСтся ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… основ ΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ России ΠΈ особСнности Π΅Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… этапах ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ политичСского развития страны. Π’ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° β€” гСополитичСская спСцифика ΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ России: послС распада Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  дСсятки ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ страны оказались Π·Π° Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ. ΠžΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ истокам формирования ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ России, ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ практичСскоС Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ для Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² наши Π΄Π½ΠΈ. Π’Ρ‹ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… процСссов, Π½Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ возмоТности, ошибки ΠΈ просчСты, Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ постсовСтскиС Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹; отмСчаСтся всС Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ привнСсСно Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡƒΡŽ сфСру Π½Π° протяТСнии Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ… дСсятилСтий. Автор выдСляСт нСсколько этапов, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… свои особСнности, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡƒ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² государства ΠΊ этой ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ слоТной ΠΈ многослойной ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅. И Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ этапС β€” Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ поиски ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π½Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ старыС ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ вопросы, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ставит ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ РоссиСй Тизнь с Π΅Π΅ противорСчиями, Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, парадоксами. Автор Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ коронавирусная пандСмия, Π²Ρ‹Π·Π²Π°Π²ΡˆΠ°Ρ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-экономичСскиС потрясСния Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅, станСт форс-ΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ испытаниСм для ΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ России

    Π”Π˜Π›Π•ΠœΠœΠ« Β«ΠœΠ―Π“ΠšΠžΠ™Β» И Β«Π–Π•Π‘Π’ΠšΠžΠ™Β» Π‘Π˜Π›Π«: К УРОКАМ Π£ΠšΠ ΠΠ˜ΠΠ‘ΠšΠžΠ“Πž ΠšΠ Π˜Π—Π˜Π‘Π

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    The article reveals the key particularities of the β€œsoft” and β€œhard power” in the context of the β€œsmart leadership” strategy in the world politics. This text examines the different aspects of the concept of β€œsoft power”, its practical problems, and particularities of the public diplomacy, the limits and perspectives of β€œsoft power” in the light of the internationalization of the Ukrainian crisis.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ особСнности «мягкой» ΠΈ «ТСсткой силы» Π² контСкстС стратСгии Β«ΡƒΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ лидСрства» Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Π’ прСдставлСнном тСкстС ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ аспСкты ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚Π° «мягкой силы», Π΅Π΅ практичСскиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹, особСнности ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ‹ ΠΈ пСрспСктивы «мягкой силы» Π² свСтС ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ украинского кризис

    ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅: новая Β«Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΒ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ новая Β«Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΒ»

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    In the conditions of turbulent transformations of the world order, life itself, with its contradictions, difficulties and surprises, extremely actualizes the problems associated with unforeseen risks and challenges to world development. The coronavirus pandemic has created a new β€œnormality” or, more precisely, a new β€œabnormality” in which countries find themselves regardless of their geopolitical status and place in the international hierarchy. The global coronavirus crisis has exacerbated the already growing uncertainty in global political processes. Uncertainty and the associated strategic instability is a breeding ground for preserving acutely problematic nodes of global politics and delaying the search for constructive solutions that bring them closer to a mutually acceptable model of the coming world order. The phenomenon of apolarity is becoming more and more complicated and has been linked in recent years with the growing weight and influence of new geopolitical players and centers of power β€” China, India, Latin America states. The international positions of Russia have significantly strengthened, which has acquired a full-fledged role in global politics. In the context of the current geopolitical confrontations and competitive rivalry, the experience of understanding uncertainty in the scientific and expert communities of Russia acquires special practical and political significance.Π’ условиях Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π±ΡƒΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… трансформаций ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ порядка сама Тизнь с Π΅Π΅ противорСчиями, слоТностями ΠΈ нСоТиданностями Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π·Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹, связанныС с Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ рисками ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡŽ. ΠšΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½Π°Π²ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡΠ½Π°Ρ пандСмия создала Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ Β«Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΒ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Π΅Π΅, Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ Β«Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΒ», Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ оказались страны нСзависимо ΠΎΡ‚ гСополитичСского статуса ΠΈ мСста Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠΈ. Π“Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ коронавирусный кризис усугубил ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ΡƒΡ‰ΡƒΡŽ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… политичСских процСссах. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ связанная с нСю стратСгичСская Π½Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ β€” ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ срСда для сохранСния остропроблСмных ΡƒΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ² глобальной ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ затягивания поисков конструктивных Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΊ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ грядущСго ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ порядка. ВсС Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ услоТняСтся Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ аполярности/бСсполярности (apolarity), увязываСмый Π² послСдниС Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ с растущим вСсом ΠΈ влияниСм Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… гСополитичСских ΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² силы β€” ΠšΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ, Индии, Латинской АмСрики. БущСствСнно ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ России, которая ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² глобальной ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Π’ контСкстС Π½Ρ‹Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΈΡ… гСополитичСских противостояний ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡƒΡ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сопСрничСства ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ осмыслСния нСопрСдСлСнности Π² Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ экспСртных сообщСствах России ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ

    Π’Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° России: ΠΎΡ‚ Β«Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ» ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡƒ стратСгичСскому ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ

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    While studying the changes in the conceptual foundations of Russian foreign policy from its inception to the present day, an important place is occupied by the systematization of factors, circumstances and trends that predetermined the beginning of overcoming mistakes and errors of the 90s and the transition to its doctrinal sovereignty. The collapse of the USSR became the litmus test of the attitude of the West, primarily the USA, to the new Russia. Having no historical precedent, such a swift β€” overnight β€” reverse formation leap from Β«real socialismΒ» to real capitalism, and by no means the expected transition from confrontational bipolarity to monopolistic unipolarity, predetermined the hopes of B. Yeltsin and his immediate circle for the elimination of past geopolitical antagonisms, high expectations regarding the readiness of the collective West, led by the United States, for an equal dialogue with Russia. That clearly emerged with the regard to the elaboration of the first conceptual model of the foreign policy of Russia in 1993 that in a number of basic parameters had a pronounced american-centric character. The idea of the β€œwesternization” of the foreign policy activity of Russia was pushed primarily by the liberal circles as a panacea for the elimination of the ideological and political pillars of the Soviet system, overcoming the deepest social and economic crisis with the hope, and even with the conviction that the Β«benevolent hegemonΒ» of the United States and the West as a whole Β«will help usΒ». The author proceeds from the fact that referring to the sources of the formation of the conceptual base of international activity of Russia, taking into account underestimated or, conversely, overestimated factors, is of great practical importance for updating and optimizing the foreign policy strategy of our country, improving the work of Russian diplomacy and increasing its effectiveness in the fight against new international challenges and threats.Π’ исслСдовании ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… основ российской внСшнСй ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ с ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° становлСния Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ мСсто Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ систСматизация Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π² ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΎ прСодолСния ошибок ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±Π»ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ 90-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ сувСрСнизации. Распад Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  стал лакмусовой Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ всСго БША, ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ России. НС ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ историчСского ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ β€” Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π°ΡΡŒΠ΅ β€” ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ скачок ΠΎΡ‚ Β«Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ социализма» ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒ, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ биполярности ΠΊ монопольной однополярности ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ Π‘. Π•Π»ΡŒΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ блиТайшСго окруТСния Π½Π° устранСниС Π±Ρ‹Π»Ρ‹Ρ… гСополитичСских Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ Π·Π°Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ готовности ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Π²ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅ с БША ΠΊ Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρƒ с РоссиСй. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ Π² связи с Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ внСшнСй ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ России1993 Π³., которая ΠΏΠΎ ряду Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»Π° Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€. ИдСя «вСстСрнизации» Π²Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ России ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ всСго Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ панацСя ΠΎΡ‚ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ идСологичСских ΠΈ политичСских ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ€ совСтского строя, прСодолСния Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΡ‡Π°ΠΉΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-экономичСского кризиса с Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ, Π° Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ с ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Β«Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π³Π΅Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Β» БША ΠΈ Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄ Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Β«Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Β». Автор исходит ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ истокам формирования ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ‹ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ России, ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚, ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ практичСскоС Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ для Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ стратСгии нашСй страны, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ российской Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΅ эффСктивности Π² Π±ΠΎΡ€ΡŒΠ±Π΅ с Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡƒΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΌΠΈ

    The Possibility of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics with Classical Probability Theory

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    We describe a scheme for constructing quantum mechanics in which a quantum system is considered as a collection of open classical subsystems. This allows using the formal classical logic and classical probability theory in quantum mechanics. Our approach nevertheless allows completely reproducing the standard mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics and identifying its applicability limits. We especially attend to the quantum state reduction problem.Comment: Latex, 14 pages, 1 figur

    Anthropometric characteristics of patients suffering from chronic cystitis

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    Introduction. With a depressingly high prevalence of chronic cystitis (it is believed that half of women suffer from acute cystitis at least once in their lives), there is still no clarity on this disease. We were unable to find any studies on the anthropometric characteristics of patients with chronic cystitis either in the domestic or in the English literature.Objective. To assess the anthropometric characteristics of patients with chronic recurrent cystitis.Material & methods. A prospective multicenter cohort study included 91 patients with symptoms of acute cystitis. All underwent anthropometric measurements, analyzed complaints, studied anamnesis morbi et vitae, performed a study on a gynecological chair; urine was sent for general analysis and bacteriological examination for nonspecific microflora with the determination of the sensitivity of the isolated pathogen to antimicrobial drugs. The patients answered questions about the Russian version of the Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS). A urethra and cervical canal smear was studied using the polymerase chain reaction method to identify the causative agents of sexually transmitted infections. The diagnosis was considered confirmed in the presence of leukocyturia, bacteriuria, and the sum of symptoms on the ACSS scale was 6 or more.Results. The duration of chronic recurrent cystitis was averaged at 7.1 Β± 4.2 years. The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 49 years, averaging 28.9 Β± 3.9 years. The height ranged from 150 cm to 178 cm, on average 165.9 Β± 7.1 cm. The average weight was within the normal range: 64.2 Β± 6.1 kg. However, the spread in the cohort by body weight was two-fold: from 42 to 86 kg. Overweight was found in five (5.5%) patients; two patients (2.2%), on the contrary, had a body weight deficit. When analyzing anthropometric indicators, along with the obvious ones (direct dependence of the duration of the disease on the age of the patient; direct dependence of the quality of life on the severity of symptoms), other statistically significant correlations were established: a positive relationship between age and weight, weight and duration of the disease.Conclusion. The analysis showed that overweight women respond to treatment worse, they have a longer history of cystitis. Neither typical symptoms nor ACSS score correlated with any of the anthropometric measures

    Chaotic Phenomenon in Nonlinear Gyrotropic Medium

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    Nonlinear gyrotropic medium is a medium, whose natural optical activity depends on the intensity of the incident light wave. The Kuhn's model is used to study nonlinear gyrotropic medium with great success. The Kuhn's model presents itself a model of nonlinear coupled oscillators. This article is devoted to the study of the Kuhn's nonlinear model. In the first paragraph of the paper we study classical dynamics in case of weak as well as strong nonlinearity. In case of week nonlinearity we have obtained the analytical solutions, which are in good agreement with the numerical solutions. In case of strong nonlinearity we have determined the values of those parameters for which chaos is formed in the system under study. The second paragraph of the paper refers to the question of the Kuhn's model integrability. It is shown, that at the certain values of the interaction potential this model is exactly integrable and under certain conditions it is reduced to so-called universal Hamiltonian. The third paragraph of the paper is devoted to quantum-mechanical consideration. It shows the possibility of stochastic absorption of external field energy by nonlinear gyrotropic medium. The last forth paragraph of the paper is devoted to generalization of the Kuhn's model for infinite chain of interacting oscillators
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