Characterization of Biochar Derived from Rubber Wood Sawdust through Slow Pyrolysis on Surface Porosities and Functional Groups

Biochars were prepared by conducting slow pyrolysis of rubber wood sawdust (RWSD) derived from sawn timber. Eventhough researches on preparation of biochar from biomass have been reported by many researchers, limited work has been reported for investigation of biochar RWSD for its surface porosities and functional groups. Surface porosity of biochars provides a suitable dimension for cluster of microorganism to grow and higher porosity for better water holding capacity. Surface functional groups contain oxygen may help to improve the soil fertility by increasing the cation and anion exchange capacities to reduce the nutrient leaching in soil. The pyrolysis process was carried out at temperatures ranging between 300 °C to 700 °C at the heating rate of 5 °C/min for 3 hours with continuous nitrogen purging. The influence of pyrolysis temperatures on the biochars pores were investigated by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The surface functional groups were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). SEM analysis clearly showed the development of well-defined pores distributed on biochars surface. It was found that the maximum BET surface area and total pore volume were 5.493 m2/g and 0.0097 cm3/g respectively for biochar pyrolysis at 700 °C. The FT-IR spectrum analysis showed the functional groups decreased with the increasing of pyrolysis temperature. The results highlighted the effect of pyrolysis temperature on biochar pores accumulative that associated with soil fertility and nutrient retention in soil which could be beneficial to the agricultural industries

NANOFLUID AS COOLANT IN AUTOMOTIVE COOLING SYSTEM–HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF CAR RADIATOR USING CU-BASED NANOFLUID

Nanofluid is a potential fluid with enhanced thermal physical properties as compared to conventional fluid. The conventional fluids such as water and ethylene glycol acted as coolants in automotive cooling system could show superior properties through dispersion of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are either metal, non-metal or carbon nanotube (CNT) is in nano-size between 1-100 nm. This study focused on heat transfer characteristics of Cu/water Nanofluid in an automotive radiator by analyzing the thermal physical properties of the coolant; thermal conductivity () and heat transfer coefficient (). The mixture of solid nanoparticles and coolant showed that the thermal properties of the coolant were increasing with copper (Cu) nanoparticle volume fraction. By adding 10 % of Nanoparticle suspension, the heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluid was increased up to 26000 W.m-2K-1 with 92 % of percentage enhancement. Consequently, it also enhanced the heat transfer rate in the cooling system. The results showed good indicator for automotive industry to design an eco-car that sustain the energy and minimizing the environmental impact

Pemberdayaan Anak Panti Asuhan Murni Kota Makassar Melalui Literasi Membaca

This community service activity aims to increase the reading interest of the Murni Orphanage children through the Literacy Diary method. The method of implementing this service used mentoring by implementing reading activities for 15 minutes every day and writing down the results of the reading in a Literacy Diary. Questionnaires were used to evaluate this activity, and the results were analyzed descriptively. The results of this community service activity could increase children's interest in reading, with a satisfaction level of 77.8% of the usefulness indicator for activity participants. The indicators of the success of this service also included the equipment used during the activity, the atmosphere and situation during the implementation of the activity, activity time, the media, reading materials/materials, guidance from a mentor, reading literacy practices, mentor's adaptability, and mastery of the material from the mentor respectively

Influence of heating temperature and holding time on biochars derived from rubber wood sawdust via slow pyrolysis

Biochar samples were produced from rubber wood sawdust (RWSD), which is a by-product from sawmills, via slow pyrolysis. Biochar is a potential additive for agricultural soil as a soil amendment and for agronomics. The approach proposed in the current study considers the effects of heating temperature and holding time on the surface functional groups and morphologies of RWSD-derived biochars. The pyrolysis was performed in a vertical tube furnace heated at 5 °C/min from room temperature to maximum heating temperatures of 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C and 700 °C under nitrogen gas purging at a rate of 30 ml/min. Two sets of biochars were produced with holding times of (i) 1 h and (ii) 3 h. Proximate and ultimate analyses were performed on the raw RWSD using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and carbon–hydrogen–nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. The influence of heating temperature and holding time on biochar surface functional groups and porosities was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Boehm titration, pH alkalinity, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) spectrocopy. The FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of acidic functional groups, such as carboxylic, phenolic and lactonic groups, and these groups were quantified by Boehm titration. The number of acidic functional groups decreased as the heating temperature and holding time increased. The maximum amount of acidic functional groups was determined to be 1.9 mmol/g at 300 °C for a 1-h holding time compared to 1.3 mmol/g for a 3-h holding time and 1.0 mmol/g with a 1-h holding time at 700 °C. All of the biochars produced at heating temperatures above 400 °C were alkaline, and the pH value increased as the heating temperature and holding time increased. The biochar produced at 300 °C with a 1-h holding time had a pH of 6.72 and the sample produced with a 3-h holding time had a pH of 7.67. In addition, the sample produced when the temperature was increased to 700 °C with a 1-h holding time had a pH of 11.44. The BET surface area analysis reported maximum values of 5.49 m2/g, and the total pore volume was 0.0097 cm3/g at a heating temperature of 700 °C with a 3-h holding time. SEM micrographs clearly showed the development of well-defined pores in the biochars, and the SEM–EDX spectra indicated localised carbon and oxygen content in all the samples. The results indicated that biochars produced from RWSD are potentially beneficial as soil amendments. However, an extensive study of biochar sustainability is worth investigating

Effect Of Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery To The Flow Behavior In Nasal During Resting Breathing Condition

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a surgery to removeuncinate process in order to restore sufficient sinus ventilation and drainagein nasal. However, there were a few cases with side effects such as facialpain, reduction in sense of smell and sinusitis reoccurrence of infection. Inthis study, the effect of uncinate process removal is investigated. Images ofthe model were done through computational technique and then the flowwas simulated to predict the effect of the removal. Inhalation processes withresting breathing condition were modeled. The results show that smoothflow was observed at nasal area which indicates successful surgical process.However for post FESS model the result shows that the possibilities ofsinusitis reoccurrence of infection were high. Finally, velocity profile in theolfactory area show non-favorable flow condition for effective smell senses

Potential co-processing of coconut shell and sugarcane residue as a solid biofuel.

This research reported co-processing of coconut shell and sugarcane residue as a solid biofuel by briquetting process. The aim of the current research is to determine the optimum ratio between coconut shell and sugarcane residue for briquetting. Various ratios of coconut shell to sugarcane are 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 by weight. The briquettes were formed into cylindrical shapes. The carbonization process took place at 370 ̊C. Proximate analysis, compressive test and theoretical heating value are observed on the produced briquette. The results indicated that C 1:5 briquette has the lowest moisture content and highest theoretical heating value

Influence of Heating Temperature and Holding Time on Biochars Derived from Rubber Wood Sawdust via Slow Pyrolysis

Biochar samples were produced from rubber wood sawdust (RWSD), which is a by-product from sawmills, via slow pyrolysis. Biochar is a potential additive for agricultural soil as a soil amendment and for agronomics. The approach proposed in the current study considers the effects of heating temperature and holding time on the surface functional groups and morphologies of RWSD-derived biochars. The pyrolysis was performed in a vertical tube furnace heated at 5 °C/min from room temperature to maximum heating temperatures of 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C and 700 °C under nitrogen gas purging at a rate of 30 ml/min. Two sets of biochars were produced with holding times of (i) 1 h and (ii) 3 h. Proximate and ultimate analyses were performed on the raw RWSD using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and carbon–hydrogen–nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. The influence of heating temperature and holding time on biochar surface functional groups and porosities was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Boehm titration, pH alkalinity, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) spectrocopy. The FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of acidic functional groups, such as carboxylic, phenolic and lactonic groups, and these groups were quantified by Boehm titration. The number of acidic functional groups decreased as the heating temperature and holding time increased. The maximum amount of acidic functional groups was determined to be 1.9 mmol/g at 300 °C for a 1-h holding time compared to 1.3 mmol/g for a 3-h holding time and 1.0 mmol/g with a 1-h holding time at 700 °C. All of the biochars produced at heating temperatures above 400 °C were alkaline, and the pH value increased as the heating temperature and holding time increased. The biochar produced at 300 °C with a 1-h holding time had a pH of 6.72 and the sample produced with a 3-h holding time had a pH of 7.67. In addition, the sample produced when the temperature was increased to 700 °C with a 1-h holding time had a pH of 11.44. The BET surface area analysis reported maximum values of 5.49 m2/g, and the total pore volume was 0.0097 cm3/g at a heating temperature of 700 °C with a 3-h holding time. SEM micrographs clearly showed the development of well-defined pores in the biochars, and the SEM–EDX spectra indicated localised carbon and oxygen content in all the samples. The results indicated that biochars produced from RWSD are potentially beneficial as soil amendments. However, an extensive study of biochar sustainability is worth investigating

A Preliminary Conceptual Design Approach Of Food Waste Composter Design

This paper reports the conceptual design of a household kitchen food waste composter. Several conceptual approaches, such as Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Concept Generation, and Concept of Evaluation using PUGH Method are implemented. The component selection is applied using House of Quality method, and the final design is presented and selected using PUGH Method. Design 1 is selected as the best composter design. The material selection and the cost of the components are also presented. The conceptual design approach highlights its benefit as the preliminary method in designing the food waste composter