Scattering in Water Clouds: The Impact of the Spatial Correlation of Particles on The Backscattered Mean Power

In the present work scattering theory in water clouds has been studied. Alternative forms for Maxwell equations have been developed and discretized in order to calculate backscattered mean powers from cloud particles. With simplified discretized equations the backscattered electric field has been approximated for a single particle. This approximation of the electric field is the same as Rayleigh approximation used in meteorological literature. The discretized equations have been implemented in computer code to calculate backscattered power from particles inside a small box, located in the far field of radar. In current radar approach, incoherent Rayleigh approximation is used as the standard scattering theory to retrieve cloud properties. To validate this theory the correlation between particles has been studied. In order to study the influence of inter-particle displacement on correlation between particles, a new idea has been deployed to create turbulence among particles. For different turbulence settings the randomness of the medium has been quantified by the real part of the correlation matrix. In the last chapter both exact and incoherent Rayleigh backscattered mean powers from particles have been calculated. It has been shown that Rayleigh backscattered mean powers are good approximation for uncorrelated particles and both are distributed normally around the same mean value. In case of correlated particles the exact backscattered mean powers have shown to be distributed lognormally. Depending on the degree of correlation their distribution shifts from lognormal to normal, respectively for highly correlated and uncorrelated particles. With statistical results it has been concluded that for correlated water cloud particles, the exact backscattered mean powers will be smaller than the incoherent approximation.Remote sensing of the EnvironmentTelecommunicationsElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc

Evaluation of the Zinc and Copper content in women's serum who are taking LD

Due to the important role of the trace elements (i.e. zinc and copper) in the biochemical processes of body and the effects of exogenous and endogenous hormones in distribution, absorption and excretion of these elements, we decided to determine the rate of the zinc and copper content of serum in women taking (LD) OCPs. Our finding indicates that the rate of the zinc content decreased significantly (P<0.001), whereas the copper content of women serum during this period showed a significant increase (P<0.001). In regard to previous months, the process of increasing were lasting for six months. Therefore, we would like to suggest that the serum content of these two elements should be monitored during the period of medication with OCPs, to avoid the deleterious effect of flactuation rates of these elements in serum

An analytical study on electronic transport of typical nanotubes with square structure network

In this study, we investigated the electronic conductance of two typical single-wall nanotubes with square lattice by using Green’s function method in tight-binding approximation. Then the effect of various factors such as presence of symmetrical bond defects, the distance between two defects and the nanotube hopping energies was studied on the system electronic conductance. The square and rhombic nanotubes showed metallic and insulator/semiconductor behaviors, respectively

Shake table studies and analysis of a two-span RC bridge model subjected to a fault rupture

The objective of this study was to investigate the fault rupture effects on the seismic response of a bridge system crossing an active fault. A large-scale two-span bridge model supported on three bents, one on each of the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), shake tables, was tested under earthquakes with incoherent motions that simulated fault rupture. The results were compared with those from an identical bridge model subjected to coherent ground motions in a previous shake table study. It was found that fault rupture substantially affected the damage type and location in the bridge bents. The most severely damaged bent in the current bridge was a relatively flexible bent near the fault. However, under coherent motions, the shortest bent experienced the severest damage. Linear static and nonlinear dynamic analyses of the test model revealed that existing analytical techniques are adequate in estimating the response of the most critical bent subjected to fault rupture.9 page(s

Self-enforcing climate coalitions for farsighted countries: integrated analysis of heterogeneous countries

This paper studies the formation of international climate coalitions by heterogeneous countries. Countries rationally predict the consequences of their membership decisions in climate negotiations. We offer an approach to characterise the equilibrium number of coalitions and their number of signatories independent of their heterogeneity, and we suggest a tractable algorithm to fully characterise the equilibrium. In a dynamic game analysis of a general equilibrium model of the economy integrated with climate dynamics, a grand climate coalition or multiple climate coalitions may form in equilibrium, but if the policymakers are patient, the number of signatories in all climate treaties is a Tribonacci number. Our results are robust to the possibility of renegotiation and investment in green technologies besides fossil fuels

Epilepsy and driving

Epilepsy is a disease with high prevalence, which interferes driving and may lead to car accident; This case-control study has been done on 100 epileptic patients and 100 persons as control group, who had history of driving. We gathered our patients with face to face interview and registering their information in special forms which were prepared for this study. There were three times more accidents among epileptic cases comparing with control group and this difference was more considerable in men and in patients under 35 years old. The cause of accident were not seizure attack in more than 60% of the patients and these ordinary accidents were also more in case group. Epileptic patients with history of car accidents during driving had poor drug compliance comparing with the epileptics without history of an accident so drug compliance may be valuable in predicting accident in these patients. We have also found poor drug compliance in whom seizure attacks caused accident for them. 58% of the epileptics had not consulted their physician about driving. 43.3% of seizures during driving were of generalized type and none of the patients had inform police about their disease during getting driving license

EXTRACTION OF ASTAXANTHIN ESTERS FROM SHRIMP WASTE BY CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL METHODS

The carotenoid pigments specifically astaxanthin has many significant applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The goal of this research was the extraction of Astaxanthin from a certain Persian Gulf shrimp species waste (Penaeus semisulcatus), purification and identification of the pigment by chemical and microbial methods. Microbial fermentation was obtained by inoculation of two Lactobacillus species Lb. plantarum and Lb. acidophilus in the medium culture containing shrimp waste powder by the intervention of lactose sugar, yeast extract, the composition of Both and the coolage (-20°C). The carotenoids were extracted by an organic solvent system. After purification of astaxanthin with the thin layer chromatography method by spectrophotometer, NMR and IR analysis the presence of astaxanthin esters was recognized in this specific species of Persian Gulf shrimp. Results obtained from this study showed that the coolage at –20 °C not only does not have an amplifying effect on the production of astaxanthin but also slightly reduces this effect. Also the effect of intervention of lactose sugar showed more effectiveness in producing astaxanthin than yeast extract or more than with the presence of both. The results also indicated that there is not much difference in the ability of producing the pigment by comparing both Lb. plantarum and Lb. acidophillus. Also results showed the microbial method of extraction of astaxanthin is more effective than chemical method. The pigment extracted from certain amount of shrimp powder, 23.128 mg/g, was calculated

Synthesis and In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of 2-Amino-7-(dimethylamino)-4-[(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4H-chromenes

Three 2-amino-4-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-cyano-7-(dimethylamino) -4H-chromene derivatives were synthesized and their cytotoxic activities were determined against six human tumor cell lines using MTT assay. Condensation of 3-(dimethylamino)phenol, trifluoromethybenzaldehydes and malonitrile in ethanol containing piperidine afforded corresponding chromenes (4a-c). The structure of the synthesized compound was confirmed by 1H NMR, IR and Mass spectral data. Among compounds tested, 3-trifluoromethyl analogue (3b) was the most active against all human tumor cell lines (IC50=12-45 nM)