ANALYSIS OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE EMPLOYED POPULATION, UNEMPLOYMENT AND VACANCIES

The economic growth is based on the most efficient use of the resources available to the society. Taking into account the concept of production factors (the Cobb-Douglas production function), an essential element is labor resources. Starting from this point it is important to analyze the correlation between the employed population, the unemployment rate and the existence of vacancies. The employed population expresses the degree of involvement of persons with the capacity to work in economic and social activities at the level of a state. Unemployment shows the number or, if expressed under the unemployment rate, the percentage of the employed population who lost his job. Contrary to the number of unemployed, there are also vacancies. As a paradox, although the unemployment rate is high enough, vacancies offered do not work. It is precisely these aspects that are paid attention to by the authors, who carry out extensive analysis in the field of labor resources. In the study, the authors use a series of quantitative models and methods to highlight the correlation between the three indicators. There will be graphical representations, correlation indexes will be calculated, based on the statistical data series published by the National Statistics Institute

Analysis of the educational activity in Romania

An important problem for each country is that of providing serious education in the field of education. This does not exclude the provision of health conditions that will lay the foundation of a profound and complex education. In fact, the Latin word Mens sana in sano body is to build the healthy future physically and intellectually. In this article, we intend to analyze the concrete situation, based on the results of the year, we call it educational, 2017-2018, to identify progress, some shortcomings and especially the short, medium and long term perspective of evolution in this domain. Education is the essential element for improving social behavior, understanding the evolution of the population in line with the complex (globalized) evolutionary trends of mankind. The educational process is one that, without much comment and argumentation, means the enrichment of individuals and generations with complex knowledge about universal evolution, evolution in specialized fields, and, last but not least, the perspective of individual evolution. Within this article, the authors proposed that on the basis of the study on the distribution of the school population by region and on the whole of the country, in the legally established, biologically existing, stages of the preparation and evolution of the population in Romania. In the alternative, elements concerning the distribution of the population by region, the educational level achieved, the availability of teaching staff, the results of the complex training program are just a few of the aspects that the authors propose to carry out and, consequently, bending over of these aspects, allowed some opinions and concretised some conclusions on how this process took place in the newly concluded 2017-2018 school/university year. The article is accompanied by a series of graphs and tables, containing clear data which in the context support the conclusions issued by the authors

Analysis Model of GDP Dependence on the Structural Variables

In this paper, the authors present an analysis model designed to outline some of the Gross Domestic dependences, on the case of Romanian economy. The study is based on the VAR methodology, and the steps pursued in the article are the study of evolution for Final Consumption, direct foreign investments flow and GDP, the presentation of the estimated VAR models, the testing for the number of lags, the testing for the stationery of the first difference of the data series

ASPECTS OF THE ROMANIAN INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT

In this article, the authors sought to analyse a longer period, since 1948 (when the process of nationalization of industry, banking, insurance, mining and transportation) took place until today. In this context, the authors try to suggest through the study of the figures, the data and the legislative framework, step by step, how it evolved and why the Romanian industry is currently at the stage it is. There are references to the conditions that led to the process of nationalization of the industry and of other private properties in the national economy, concluding that in 1989 the Romanian economy was fully staged and the industry was developed according to other criteria than the economic efficiency. Thus, one of the criteria was the uniform distribution throughout the country of industrial objectives to ensure the use of labour force

Comparative study on the global performance of companies with foreign capital and those with Romanian capital

In this study, the authors took into account the different global performance of companies with foreign capital and those with Romanian capital both at the level of the entire economy and of the five economic sectors considered (industry, trade, information/communications, energy and construction). Thus, the evolutions of companies with foreign capital and those with Romanian capital were analysed, one by one, from the point of view of value added to the price of factors, gross investments in tangible assets, personnel costs and personnel costs per employee, of labor productivity and total gross operating profit and per employed person

Revista Română de Statistică Trim. III/2013 -Supliment 208 Classical Models used in the Management of Financial Instruments Portfolio

Abstract Classical models used in the management of financial instruments portfolio constitute the basis of modern portfolio theory even if you are currently their application lead to results limited. Key words: fair game; martingale; submartingale; random walk Portfolio management theory of financial instruments has its origin in the first half of the last century, when they were designed first methods of risk analysis and return on investment in financial instruments. The main models for the analysis of financial investment highlighted at the beginning of the century XX have been model "fair game", the "martingale" and "submartingale" or the "random walk". Although, at present, the application models referred to above lead to results limited, this forms the basis of modern portfolio theory, and for this reason i consider it necessary to their submission. The model "fair game" Louis Bachelier, in the year 1900, propose the model "fair game" in his book of dizertatie having regard that the topic "Theory speculation". In the following period, this model has been the subject of analysis carried out by Paul Cootner in the work ( "random character of stock market rate") . Bachelier has revealed that the investment decision has been taken on the financial markets is based on two types of probabilities: a mathematical probability that can be associated with pure random events and the second category of probability dependent on the achievement of certain future events. This second category of probabilities is a subjective analysis and it cannot be observed in the evolution of previous price financial assets. In this way, the prices on the market are evolving "correct" ( "fair game" ), reflecting all the events known on the market at the time decision and not events which might arise

Study of population by domicile and residence. Natural movement and imbalances

The evolution of the Romanian population is one that has to attract interest, especially from the point of view of the decrease in the birth rate, which will further determine the reduction from year to year of the population, both resident and domicile in Romania. Against the background of the increase of the death-birth rate, i.e. the ratio of deceased to newborn in favor of the deceased, the age pyramid will be changed in the sense that, at the base, the younger generations will be reduced to the middle and especially towards the peak of the pyramid being net contingents over previous periods. In this context, we can speak with certainty about a phenomenon of aging of the population, i.e., of increasing the number of older people on the background of the decrease of the birth rate. In this article, the authors study the evolution of the population over time, presenting tables and graphs that highlight this aging phenomenon. In summary, we can say that birth rates are decreasing, mortality increases, marriage decreases, divorcement increases, and emigration of a part of the population, especially from younger generations and with more special training. Birthplaces are highlighted, in the context of the couples breaking up or not, in order to have an image that the generation of young children does not have an immediate or long-lasting perspective. There are many births outside marriages, especially in rural areas and less in urban areas. The age at which the marriages are made is advanced, and on this complex background we come to the conclusion of a certain aging process of the Romanian population. At the same time, we also appreciate that the population resident or domiciled in Romania will also gradually decrease. There are predictions that, in 2050, the population of Romania, if this trend of the main demographic indicators is maintained, will reach about 17 million inhabitants

The future of money and the money supply

In this article, the authors sought to determine what the future of money will be compared to the money supply currently in circulation, but also to the digital system that will be introduced in the economy. The preference for money, especially for fiat money, starting in 2000 and accentuated from 2002, reaching by the end of 2021 a market capitalization of cryptocurrencies that is, from known data, 1.4 trillion euros. Total market capitalization slowed in the latter peak of 2018, with activity outstripping the euro position in the traditional foreign exchange market. Volatility is an important driver of price. Given the absence of a sovereign guarantee, the bank is willing to engage in more speculative activity. This implies that the introduction of backup generation would reduce volatility. Furthermore, a regulatory system aimed at protecting the currency and preventing speculative attacks would increase the reliability and efficiency of this alternative money. Given the cross-border nature and use of cryptocurrency, the regulatory architecture would require international coordination, both in terms of compliance and oversight duties as advocated by the International Monetary Fund. In international specialized studies, a number of benefits that Block-chain technology brings are considered. Most prominent is its decentralized nature which makes it less prone to corruption and more sustainable. Another important benefit is that Block-chain transactions are less expensive and faster than those normally transacted in fiat currencies (current currencies). There are recent developments in Block-chain that indicate that it can play a very important role in future payment systems. One of the last major benefits of blockchain is that payments are validated. Bitcoin and other digital currencies may change the function of money, however. From a macroeconomic point of view cryptocurrencies represent a risk for monetary and financial stability. From a microeconomic perspective, they involve a risk for investors who could risk all their money, namely, due to extremely fast exchanges from day to day, digital instruments devalue or become less valuable. Stablecoins can be seen as an intermediate solution between privately issued cryptocurrencies and central bank digital currency. Given the volatility of cryptocurrencies, as well as the rest of CPTC, stablecoins have come to the fore as a potential third title that aspires to bring stability to the volatile cryptocurrency market. Money plays a fundamental role in the money supply. Before discussing the evolution of money and the role of digitization of cash and cryptocurrencies, we must first go back to the basics and define money in terms of its role and functions in an economy. The very large literature offers a number of aspects but nevertheless there is common ground that economic schools would agree on and that is the function of money in modern economies. In this sense, it is understood that money can change its form and transactional nature without fundamentally changing its function or role in the economy. There is broad agreement that the functions of money can be divided into three layers, primary, secondary and tertiary, where each layer reflects the descending degree of direct functionality, but also the increasing degree of generality and transactionality of the role it plays. Primary functions refer to them as a medium of exchange and measure of value. Secondary functions reflect their role in the standard store of value for payments. The tertiary layer reflects its contingent functions such as credit base, liquidity of national wealth, distribution of income and measure or maximization of utility. The most common function attributed to money is that of money as a medium of exchange because it facilitates the trading of goods and services between various people. Based on the study of a wide bibliography, the authors concluded that money also serves as a common measure of value. The values of various commodities are expressed in terms of money. This is, as a number of economists call it, the accepted and standardized universe. Keynesian economists have established that the function of money as a store of value is one of the most important. In this sense, money becomes an asset and thus currency, or cash, becomes the most liquid form of asset, i.e. money can be very cheap and immediately exchanged for goods and services, and their value is established at least for at least a short period of time. The money can be viewed and considered, by standardization, a deferred payment. This is the basis of credit trading. Money is the basis of the distribution of production in consumption among the various factors, but primarily the basis of the distribution of production for investment and consumption. The role of money does not seem to be changed with the introduction of virtual money, it still performs the same fundamental functions and remains closely linked to the market for goods and services. The forces that determine the equilibrium level of money and employment continue if the bringing together of these forces in a single or virtual market does not fundamentally alter their functions. Macroeconomic aggregates in the euro area play an essential role. Since 1970, these aggregates have also referred to nominal money in the usual way, but also to the possibility of narrowing the sphere of liquid money, simultaneously with the appearance of other forms of money. According to the official statistics of the Central European Bank, monetary aggregates are M1, i.e. the sum of currencies in circulation plus demand deposits; M2, which is equal to M1 plus term deposits with a maturity of up to 2 years, plus repayable deposits of up to 3 years; and M3, which is equal to M2 plus repurchase agreements, plus shares of money market funds, plus debt securities with maturities of up to 2 years. While the share of M2 in M3 has decreased over time, in parallel the share of M1 has increased since the beginning of 2000, aspects presented graphically for easier understanding. In the study carried out, the authors used a series of existing data at the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, a series of other sources as well as the materials of some specialists in the field, which were mentioned in the Literature Review. The growth rates of the structure of monetary aggregates represent a precise trend of the perpetuation of cryptocurrencies, the emergence of digital currencies and the system of macroeconomic monetary aggregates. Internationally, it can be seen that in 2020-2021 the cryptocurrency market followed the same course as the euro currency. At the same time, as the total market capitalization increases it has slowed down somewhat, and after 2018 the course has resumed further. In the study carried out we used existing data at the European Union, data published by specialists and we used the logic, interpretation, association and interpretation of macroeconomic monetary aggregates, to achieve our proposed objective regarding the future of money and the money supply

THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

In this article, the authors analyse, based on the study, the correlation between research, innovation and development. Research in the field of economics is the aptitude of the Romanian Academy, which, from ancient times until now, has dealt with research under the most diverse forms of the technological level of the country. As far as economic research is concerned, it is very clear that in this field, many personalities have put their mark on the study and research of economic relations, the development of economic models, thinking and dare to publish large-scale works that have found place in libraries and research base of later researchers. The Romanian education is anchored in the study, research and learning that is a continuous process within the Romanian economic system. With regard to the international context, it emerges that Romanian researchers have had and still have an active presence, being members of various R & D institutions, as well as in the current development but especially the perspective of the scientific research in the field economic

The current crises are negatively affecting the business and macroeconomic stability

The authors of this article aim to highlight how current crises (health, economic and financial, energy, food, etc.) have an effect on domestic and, especially, international affairs. At the same time, the aim is to identify and specify how the crises we are facing are jeopardizing macroeconomic stability. A number of study authors on the trend of the world economy have already stated that the world economy is practically in recession. This conclusion was reached based on the fact that, in addition to the crises affecting the world situation, the effect of the pandemic Corona virus, and the Russian-Ukrainian war (Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict) which is xpected to be long-lasting. The prospect of a Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict leads to the conclusion that, at the European Union and individual level, each and every state will face difficulties with negative effects on maintaining macro-stability and the development of domestic and international affairs at a convenient pace. In order to determine these aspects, we set out to use the widest possible methodology of international comparisons, the use of statistical indicators calculated and obtained from the European Union, Eurostat, the National Institute of Statistics and the application of statistical-econometric methods / models to obtain the parameters that will form the basis of the future comparison and, especially, of establishing the evolutionary trend of the world, European economy and, especially in this case, of Romania