2,874 research outputs found
On a heuristic point of view concerning the optical activity
Motivated by a recent finding that Fresnel's phenomenological description of
the optical activity in the chiral medium is not self-consistent, we conduct a
thorough investigation into the nature of the polarization of a plane light
wave. We demonstrate that the polarization of light is the reflection of one of
its quantum-mechanical properties, called the quasi-spin. Unexpectedly, the
quasi-spin is not an observable with respect to the laboratory coordinate
system. Instead, it is with respect to the momentum-dependent local coordinate
system. The representative operators for the quasi-spin are the Pauli matrices.
The wavefunction is the Jones vector. In order to completely determine a state
of polarization, two different kinds of degrees of freedom are needed. One is
the degrees of freedom to characterize the state of quasi-spin. They are the
Stokes parameters, the expectation values of the Pauli matrices in the state
described by the Jones vector. The other is the degrees of freedom to specify
the local coordinate system, including the propagation direction and an angle
of rotation about it. Accordingly, there are two independent mechanisms to
change the state of polarization. One is to change the state of quasi-spin in a
fixed local coordinate system. This is the traditional mechanism that can be
expressed as an SU(2) rotation of the Jones vector. The other is to change the
local coordinate system with the state of quasi-spin remaining fixed in it. At
last, we show that it is the newly-identified mechanism that accounts for the
optical activity.Comment: 24 page
Stokes parameters alone cannot completely characterize the polarization of plane light waves
It was generally assumed that the Stokes parameters are complete
characterization for the state of polarization of a plane light wave so that
their counterparts in quantum optics, called the Stokes operators, represent
the polarization of photons. Here we show, through analyzing the properties of
polarized plane waves in an optically active medium, that the Stokes parameters
are not able to completely characterize the state of polarization of a plane
wave. The key point is that only when a plane wave is expanded in terms of the
orthogonal base modes, which are physically meaningful, can the two expansion
coefficients make up the Jones vector. Taking this into consideration, we
demonstrate that the Stokes parameters of any elliptically polarized wave in an
isotropic chiral medium, determined solely by its Jones vector, are transmitted
unchanged. They are not able to reflect the rotation of its polarization
ellipse along with the propagation. The relationship of the Stokes parameters
with the polarization of light needs further investigation.Comment: 13 page
Hawking-Page Phase Transition of the four-dimensional de-Sitter Spacetime with non-linear source
The interplay between a dS black hole and cosmological horizons introduces
distinctive thermodynamic behavior in a dS spacetime (for example the
well-known upper bounds of mass and entropy in Class. Quant. Grav. 37 (2020)
5). Based on this point, we present the Hawking-Page (HP) phase transition of
the four-dimensional dS spacetime with non-linear charge correction when the
effective pressure is fixed, and analyze the effects of different effective
pressures and non-linear charge corrections on HP phase transition. The
evolution of this dS spacetime undergoing the HP phase transition is also
investigated. We find that the existent curve of HP phase transition is a
closed one with two different branches. That means there exist the upper bounds
of the HP temperature and HP pressure, which is completely distinguished with
that in AdS spacetime. And with the decreasing of the distance between two
horizons, the dS spacetime at the coexistent curve of HP phase transition is
going along with different branches. Furthermore we also explore the influence
of charge and non-linear charge correction on the coexistent curve
Photoreceptor Cell Differentiation Requires Regulated Proteolysis of the Transcriptional Repressor Tramtrack
AbstractThe transcription repressor Tramtrack (TTK) is found in cone cells but not photoreceptor cells of the Drosophila eye. We show that down-regulation of TTK expression occurs in photoreceptor cells and is required for their fate determination. Down-regulation requires the presence of Phyllopod (PHYL), which is induced by the RAS pathway, and Seven In Absentia (SINA). Loss of either gene causes accumulation of TTK in photoreceptor cells, and TTK does not accumulate in cone cells if both PHYL and SINA are present. We report that SINA and PHYL promote ubiquitination and rapid degradation of TTK by the proteasome pathway in cell culture, and both SINA and PHYL bind to the N-terminal domain of TTK. These results argue that photoreceptor differentiation is regulated by the RAS pathway through targeted proteolysis of the TTK repressor
Poly[diaqua-μ2-oxalato-di-μ4-succinato-diyttrium(III)]
In the title compound, [Y2(C4H4O4)2(C2O4)(H2O)2]n, the flexible succinate anion assumes a gauche conformation and bridges the eight-coordinated Y atoms, generating two-dimensional layers parallel to (010). The coordination polymer layers are linked into a three-dimensional framework by the rigid oxalate ligands. The oxalate ions are located on a center of inversion. Intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds help to stabilize the crystal structure
Research on flow-sound separation algorithm of aerodynamic noise based on immersed boundary method
With the development of theoretical models, numerical algorithms and available computational power, numerical aero-acoustics presents a huge prospect for solving the actual problems of aerodynamic noises. Under low Mach number, structures with a complicated geometric shapes were selected as the research objects to analyze their aerodynamic noises by means of flow-sound separation algorithm based on immersed boundary method. Firstly, the incompressible complicated flow field was solved on the basis of immersed boundary method, and the flow field parameters were obtained as the input values. Then, the linear compressible perturbation equation was solved to simulate generation and travel of acoustic waves. This method was used to predict the noise of flow past two circular cylinders in tandem arrangements and the aerodynamic noise of the rudimentary landing gear. The numerical simulation was then compared with the corresponding experiments, and results were consistent. That showed the algorithm proposed was feasible
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