Is China ‘Crowding Out’ South African Exports of Manufactures?

This article analyses the impact of Chinese competition on South African manufacturing exports to its major markets in Europe, the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa. The article considers five related research questions. First, are China and South Africa competing with each other in export markets, how extensive is such competition and how is this changing over time? Second, to what extent has Chinese competition led to the displacement of South African exports? Third, in which countries have South African exports been most affected? Fourth, which South African export sectors face the greatest threat from Chinese competition? Finally, how does South Africa's experience compare to that of Brazil, another middle-income country and regional power. We find that competition between South Africa and China increased significantly over the past decade, particularly in African markets. All types of manufactured exports lost ground to China, but the impact is strongest in low-technology products. South African exports have nevertheless increased from 2001 so that ‘crowding out’ should be interpreted in relative terms

International Debt of Developing Countries--Any Step Towards Solution?

This article is a brief review of the financial position of developing countries in the international market. It offers specific policy proposal concerning the macroeconomic management of LDCs.Less Developed Countries

Basic data requirements for microwave radiometer systems

Microwave radiometry has emerged over the last two decades to become an integral part of the field of environmental remote sensing. Numerous investigations were conducted to evaluate the use of microwave radiometry for atmospheric, oceanographic, hydrological, and geological applications. Remote sensing of the earth using microwave radiometry began in 1968 by the Soviet satellite Cosmos 243, which included four microwave radiometers (Ulably, 1981). Since then, microwave radiometers were included onboard many spacecraft, and were used to infer many physical parameters. Some of the basic concepts of radiometric emission and measurement will be discussed. Several radiometer systems are presented and an overview of their operation is discussed. From the description of the radiometer operation the data stream required from the radiometer and the general type of algorithm required for the measurement is discussed

International Debt of Developing Countries--Any Step Towards Solution?

This article is a brief review of the financial position of developing countries in the international market. It offers specific policy proposal concerning the macroeconomic management of LDCs.Less Developed Countries

Superaromatics: The key to a unified cosmic dust theory

The theory of Superaromatics, the key to a unified cosmic dust theory, was constructed by analyzing several thousand astronomical features covering every major aspect of astrophysics and astrochemistry relating to dust. To insure consistency between disciplines, the logical structure of the conclusions in each field was checked rather than accepting the current consensus. No substantial contradictory features are known to the author. The analysis falls into seven major parts: (1) kinetics of grain formation and destruction; (2) optical spectra of the interstellar medium (ISM); (3) meteorite interplanetary dust particle (IPD) chemistry; (4) structure and chemistry of the interstellar medium arising from surface catalysis; (6) dynamics of circumstellar and interstellar dust clouds, including galactic morphology; and (7) the chemistry and physics of previously unidentified compounds. Only tentative conclusions are presented here. The principle conclusion is that quantum mechanics as it is normally formulated is incomplete. The probable cause is that it is formulated with complex numbers rather than the more fundamental quaternion system. The manifestation in astrochemistry is that the most stable compounds are superaromatic and exotic enough to confound most classical analysis