Probing the Evolution of the Galaxy Interaction/Merger Rate Using Collisional Ring Galaxies

We present the results from our program to determine the evolution of the galaxy interaction/merger rate with redshift using the unique star-forming characteristics of collisional ring galaxies. We have identified 25 distant collisional ring galaxy candidates (CRGCs) in a total of 162 deep Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field/Planetary Camera-2 images obtained from the HST Archives. Based on measured and estimated redshifts, these 25 CRGCs all lie in the redshift interval of 0.1 < z < 1. Using the local collisional ring galaxy volume density and the new ``standard'' cosmology, we find that in order to account for the number of identified CRGCs in our surveyed fields, the galaxy interaction/merger rate, parameterized as (1 + z)^m, must increase steeply with redshift.We determine a minimum value of m = 5.2 $\pm$ 0.7, though m could be as high as 7 or 8. We can rule out a non-evolving (m = 0) and weakly evolving (m = 1-2) galaxy interaction/merger rate at greater than the 4 sigma level of confidence.Comment: Accepted in the Astrophysical Journal (11 pages, 4 figures). Higher resolution version of the figures is available at http://www.astro.cornell.edu/~vassilis/papers

What's new in atopic eczema? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2015. Part 2: prevention and treatment

This review forms part of a series of annual updates that summarize the evidence base for atopic eczema (AE), providing a succinct guide for clinicians and patients. It provides a summary of key findings from 26 systematic reviews that were published during 2015, and focuses on the treatment and prevention of AE. For systematic reviews on the epidemiology and methodological issues, see Part 1 of this update. Topical corticosteroid withdrawal syndrome, ‘steroid addiction’, has been evaluated in a high‐quality systematic review, which helps better define this entity and the risk factors for it. A Cochrane Review has not demonstrated any association between topical corticosteroid use in pregnancy and adverse outcomes, although very large quantities of potent/very potent topical corticosteroids may be associated with reduced birth weight. House dust mite avoidance strategies do not appear to prevent AE. Exposure to probiotics prenatally and in early infancy may help prevent AE, but there is no evidence that maternal diet or supplementation has a preventative effect

Nmrk2 gene is upregulated in dilated cardiomyopathy and required for cardiac function and nad levels during aging

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of multifactorial etiologies, the risk of which is increased by male sex and age. There are few therapeutic options for patients with DCM who would benefit from identification of common targetable pathways. We used bioinformatics to identify the Nmrk2 gene involved in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotde (NAD) coenzyme biosynthesis as activated in different mouse models and in hearts of human patients with DCM while the Nampt gene controlling a parallel pathway is repressed. A short NMRK2 protein isoform is also known as muscle integrin binding protein (MIBP) binding the α7β1 integrin complex. We investigated the cardiac phenotype of Nmrk2-KO mice to establish its role in cardiac remodeling and function. Young Nmrk2-KO mice developed an eccentric type of cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload rather than the concentric hypertrophy observed in controls. Nmrk2-KO mice developed a progressive DCM-like phenotype with aging, associating eccentric remodeling of the left ventricle and a decline in ejection fraction and showed a reduction in myocardial NAD levels at 24 months. In agreement with involvement of NMRK2 in integrin signaling, we observed a defect in laminin deposition in the basal lamina of cardiomyocytes leading to increased fibrosis at middle age. The α7 integrin was repressed at both transcript and protein level at 24 months. Nmrk2 gene is required to preserve cardiac structure and function, and becomes an important component of the NAD biosynthetic pathways during aging. Molecular characterization of compounds modulating this pathway may have therapeutic potential

Evaluation of a Vancomycin Dosing Protocol and Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Burn Patients

Published abstract from the 47th American Burn Association Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL April 2015

0.596 Pb/s S, C, L-Band Transmission in a 125μm Diameter 4-Core Fiber using a Single Wideband Comb Source

We demonstrate 596.4 Tb/s over a standard cladding diameter fiber with 4 single-mode cores, using a single wideband optical comb source to provide 25 GHz spaced carriers over 120 nm range across S, C and L bands

GMRT Detection of HI 21 cm-line Absorption from the Peculiar Galaxy in Abell 2125

Using the recently completed Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope, we have detected the HI 21 cm-line absorption from the peculiar galaxy C153 in the galaxy cluster Abell 2125. The HI absorption is at a redshift of 0.2533, with a peak optical depth of 0.36. The full width at half minimum of the absorption line is 100 km/s. The estimated column density of atomic Hydrogen is 0.7e22(Ts/100K) per sq. cm. The HI absorption is redshifted by ~ 400 km/s compared to the [OIII] emission line from this system. We attribute this to an in-falling cold gas, or to an out-flowing ionised gas, or to a combination of both as a consequence of tidal interactions of C153 with either a cluster galaxy or the cluster potential.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, uses jaa.sty (included

Seagrass meadows as a globally significant carbonate reservoir

There has been growing interest in quantifying the capacity of seagrass ecosystems to act as carbon sinks as a natural way of offsetting anthropogenic carbon emissions to the atmosphere. However, most of the efforts have focused on the particulate organic carbon (POC) stocks and accumulation rates and ignored the particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) fraction, despite important carbonate pools associated with calcifying organisms inhabiting the meadows, such as epiphytes and benthic invertebrates, and despite the relevance that carbonate precipitation and dissolution processes have in the global carbon cycle. This study offers the first assessment of the global PIC stocks in seagrass sediments using a synthesis of published and unpublished data on sediment carbonate concentration from 403 vegetated and 34 adjacent un-vegetated sites. PIC stocks in the top 1 m of sediment ranged between 3 and 1660 Mg PIC ha(-1), with an average of 654 +/- 24 Mg PIC ha(-1), exceeding those of POC reported in previous studies by about a factor of 5. Sedimentary carbonate stocks varied across seagrass communities, with meadows dominated by Halodule, Thalassia or Cymodocea supporting the highest PIC stocks, and tended to decrease polewards at a rate of -8 +/- 2 Mg PIC ha(-1) per degree of latitude (general linear model, GLM; p \u3c 0.0003). Using PIC concentrations and estimates of sediment accretion in seagrass meadows, the mean PIC accumulation rate in seagrass sediments is found to be 126.3 +/- 31.05 g PIC m(-2) yr(-1). Based on the global extent of seagrass meadows (177 000 to 600 000 km(2)), these ecosystems globally store between 11 and 39 Pg of PIC in the top metre of sediment and accumulate between 22 and 75 Tg PIC yr(-1), representing a significant contribution to the carbonate dynamics of coastal areas. Despite the fact that these high rates of carbonate accumulation imply CO2 emissions from precipitation, seagrass meadows are still strong CO2 sinks as demonstrated by the comparison of carbon (PIC and POC) stocks between vegetated and adjacent un-vegetated sediments

Quantum information with structured light

We investigate structured photons as carriers of quantum information. We describe our implementation of quantum cryptography with orbital angular momentum, and present our results on efficient implementation of quantum state tomography for structured light fields

Control of Patterns of Corneal Innervation by Pax6

PURPOSE: Corneal nerves play essential roles in maintaining the ocular surface through provision of neurotrophic support, but genetic control of corneal innervation is poorly understood. The possibility of a neurotrophic failure in ocular surface disease associated with heterozygosity at the Pax6 locus (aniridia-related keratopathy [ARK]) was investigated. METHODS: Patterns of corneal innervation were studied during development and aging in mice with different Pax6 dosages and in chimeras. Immunohistochemistry and ELISA-based assays were used to determine the molecular basis of defects seen in Pax6 mutants, and wound healing assays were performed. RESULTS: In adults, the Pax6(+/−) epithelium was less densely innervated than the wild-type epithelium, and radial projection of epithelial nerves was disrupted. Neurotrophic support of the corneal epithelium appeared normal. Directed nerve projection correlated with patterns of epithelial cell migration in adult wild-types, but innervation defects observed in Pax6(+/−) mice were not fully corrected in wound healing or chimeric models where directed epithelial migration was restored. CONCLUSIONS: Pax6 dosage nonautonomously controls robust directed radial projection of corneal neurons, and the guidance cues for growth cone guidance are not solely dependent on directed epithelial migration. There is little evidence that ARK represents neurotrophic keratitis

Modeling DNA Structure, Elasticity and Deformations at the Base-pair Level

We present a generic model for DNA at the base-pair level. We use a variant of the Gay-Berne potential to represent the stacking energy between neighboring base-pairs. The sugar-phosphate backbones are taken into account by semi-rigid harmonic springs with a non-zero spring length. The competition of these two interactions and the introduction of a simple geometrical constraint leads to a stacked right-handed B-DNA-like conformation. The mapping of the presented model to the Marko-Siggia and the Stack-of-Plates model enables us to optimize the free model parameters so as to reproduce the experimentally known observables such as persistence lengths, mean and mean squared base-pair step parameters. For the optimized model parameters we measured the critical force where the transition from B- to S-DNA occurs to be approximately $140{pN}$. We observe an overstretched S-DNA conformation with highly inclined bases that partially preserves the stacking of successive base-pairs.Comment: 15 pages, 25 figures. submitted to PR