68 research outputs found

    Estimation of transmission parameters of a fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli strain between pigs in experimental conditions

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    Antimicrobial resistance is of primary importance regarding public and animal health issues. Persistence and spread of resistant strains within a population contribute to the maintenance of a reservoir and lead to treatment failure. An experimental trial was carried out to study the horizontal transmission of a fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli strain from inoculated to naĂŻve pigs. All naĂŻve contact pigs had positive counts of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli after only two days of contact. Moreover, re-infections of inoculated pigs caused by newly contaminated animals were suspected. A maximum likelihood method, based on a susceptible-infectious-susceptible (SIS) model, was used to determine the transmission parameters. Two transmission levels were identified depending on the quantity of bacteria shed by infected individuals: (i) low-shedders with bacterial counts of resistant E. coli in the faeces between 5*103 and 106 CFU/g (ÎČL = 0.41 [0.27; 0.62]), (ii) high shedders with bacterial counts above 106 CFU/g (ÎČH = 0.98 [0.59; 1.62]). Hence, transmission between animals could be pivotal in explaining the persistence of resistant bacteria within pig herds

    Identification et caractérisation du danger d'un contaminant alimentaire, l'acrylamide, par l'étude de la génotoxicité, de l'hépatocancérogénicité et de la biodisponibilité orale chez le rat et le porc

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    La dĂ©couverte d'acrylamide nĂ©oformĂ© dans certains aliments a amenĂ© les autoritĂ©s sanitaires Ă  rĂ©Ă©valuer le risque liĂ© Ă  l'exposition du consommateur. L'acrylamide est gĂ©notoxique et classĂ© probablement cancĂ©rigĂšne chez l'homme. Nous avons confirmĂ© l'origine gĂ©notoxique (adduits et lĂ©sions de l'ADN) des tumeurs du cerveau et des testicules chez le rat. Bien que des adduits soient aussi observĂ©s dans le foie, l'acrylamide n'est pas hĂ©patocancĂ©rigĂšne chez le rat dans un test d'initiation/promotion de Solt et Farber. Une rĂ©paration efficace des dommages Ă  l'ADN, une faible mutagĂ©nicitĂ© et/ou un taux trop faible d'adduits pourraient expliquer l'absence de cancĂ©rogenicitĂ© dans le foie. La toxicocinĂ©tique de l'acrylamide chez le rat et le porc a montrĂ© des diffĂ©rences interespĂšces dans le mĂ©tabolisme de ce contaminant. La biodisponibilitĂ© orale modĂ©rĂ©e de l'acrylamide nĂ©oformĂ© chez le rat devrait ĂȘtre prise en compte dans la caractĂ©risation du danger et l'Ă©valuation du risque chez l'homme.RENNES1-BU Sciences Philo (352382102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    A global approach to method validation and measurement uncertainty

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    International audienceThe enforcement of legal limits for food safety raises the question of decision-making in the context of uncertain measurements. It also puts the question of demonstrating that measurement technique that is used is fit for the purpose of controlling legal limits. A recent European Commision (EC) decision gives some indications how to deal with this question. In the meantime, the implementation of quality systems in analytical laboratories is now a reality. While these requirements deeply modified the organization of the laboratories, it has also improved the quality of the results. The goal of this communication is to describe how two fundamental requirements of ISO 17025 standard, i.e. validation of the methods and estimation of the uncertainty of measurements, can give a way to check whether an analytical method is correctly fit for the purpose of controlling legal limits. Both these requirements are not independent and it will be shown how they can be combined. A recent approach based on the "accuracy profile" of a method was applied to the determination of acrylamide and illustrates how uncertainty can be simply derived from the data collected for validating the method. Moreover, by basing on the beta-expectation tolerance interval introduced by Mee [Technometrics (1984) 26(3): 251-253], it is possible to unambiguously demonstrate the fitness for purpose of a method. Remembering that the expression of uncertainty of the measurement is also a requirement for accredited laboratories, it is shown that the uncertainty can be easily related to the trueness and precision issuing from the data collected to build the method accuracy profile. The example presented here consists in validating a method for the determination of acrylamide in pig plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectromery (LC-MS). Concentrations are expressed as mg/l and instrumental response is peak surface. The calibration experimental design included 5x5x2 measurements and namely consisted in preparing duplicate standard solutions at five concentration levels ranging from 10 to about 5000 mg/l. This was repeated for 5 days. The validation experimental design was similar

    DEFINITIONS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN VETERINARY MEDICINE: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OR PROGNOSTIC

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    The definition of antibiotic resistance in bacteria differs if it is seen from the viewpoint of the bacteriologist and the epidemiologist, or of the clinician and the pharmacologist. The standardization by the European Union Committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST) led to more accurate definitions. This committee defined critical concentrations based on pharmacological approaches and clinical outcomes, and on the variability of exposure of the treated subjects. In France, the values used for veterinary antibiograms are based on epidemiological data. New funding is necessary to move to the next stage and use all available data to define clinical resistance in veterinary medicine.Les définitions de la résistance des bactéries aux antibiotiques dépendent des points de vue du bactériologiste et de l'épidémiologiste ou du clinicien et du pharmacologue. Les travaux de standardisation du comité de l'Union Européenne des tests de sensibilité aux antimicrobiens (EUCAST) les ont rendues plus précises. Aujourd'hui, ce comité définit des concentrations critiques pour les catégories cliniques de résistance, en intégrant les approches pharmacologiques et les résultats cliniques et en tenant compte de la variabilité de l'exposition des sujets traités. En France, la définition retenue pour les antibiogrammes vétérinaires est uniquement de nature épidémiologique. Une mobilisation de moyens est nécessaire pour passer au stade suivant et intégrer l'ensemble des informations dans la définition de la résistance clinique applicable à la médecine vétérinaire

    Antibiotic residue survey contribution of mass analytical methods to identification of contaminants

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    La surveillance des rĂ©sidus de mĂ©dicaments vĂ©tĂ©rinaires est rĂ©glementĂ©e par une directive europĂ©enne dans laquelle sont dĂ©finies les mĂ©thodes utilisables pour la dĂ©tection et la confirmation des rĂ©sidus. Les mĂ©thodes biologiques ( microbiologiques ou immunologiques) sont largement utilisĂ©es en routine pour effectuer un dĂ©pistage des antibiotiques dans les Ă©chantillons prĂ©levĂ©s. La confirmation des Ă©chantillons positifs est effectuĂ©e au moyen de mĂ©thodes analytiques basĂ©es sur la chromatographic liquide haute performance associĂ©e Ă  des dĂ©tecteurs de masse (SM). Les avantages proposĂ©s par cette technologie sont nombreux. La prĂ©paration des Ă©chantillons est simplifiĂ©e, ce qui se traduit par des gains de temps d’analyse, mais Ă©galement par une augmentation de la fiabilitĂ© des rĂ©sultats. Un autre point majeur est l’identification sans discussion de la molĂ©cule trouvĂ©e. La rĂ©glementation europĂ©enne a dĂ©fini pour cette technologie des critĂšres simples et prĂ©cis permettant une identification des molĂ©cules autorisĂ©es ou interdites. Cette technologie est applicable Ă  tout type de matrice, quelles soient complexes (graisse, muscle, foie, miel, etc.) ou non. De mĂȘme, cette technique peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e pour rechercher des rĂ©sidus d’antiparasitaires, des hormones et bĂȘta-agonistes, d’anti-inflammatoire non stĂ©roĂŻdien et de pesticides. En conclusion, la spectromĂ©trie de masse est un outil majeur dans la surveillance des rĂ©sidus. Elle permet de confirmer sans discussion la prĂ©sence de rĂ©sidus et de dĂ©terminer si leur concentration est supĂ©rieure Ă  la LMR.Antibiotic residue surveys are defined by a European legislation where analytical methods for screening and confirmatory residue analyses are codified. For screening antibiotic residues, mainly biological methods such as microbiological (fourth plate method) or immunological (Biosensor method) methods are used. In terms of confirmation of residue samples, positive samples are confirmed by a method based on liquid chromatography with MS Mass spectrometry detection. These methods offer many advantages. One advantage is that extraction of residues from biological samples is simplified, reducing the cost of analysis and increasing the reliability of the results. Another advantage is the identification of the antibiotic compound which leads to residues. The European community has defined clear-cut criteria that allow identification of authorised and banned compounds. The methods can be used in any biological tissue or matrix ( fat, muscle, liver, honey). Residues of many different compounds can be detected and identified by these methods such as in the case of antiparasitic drugs, hormones, beta-agonists, NSAIDs or pesticides. In conclusion, we make the case that especially MS is a main tool in performing drug residue surveys. It can identify the presence of residue in positive samples and quantify if the level present is above the autorised MRL (maximum residue limit)

    Impact of Therapeutic Treatment with ÎČ-Lactam on Transfer of the blaCTX-M-9 Resistance Gene from Salmonella enterica Serovar Virchow to Escherichia coli in Gnotobiotic Rats▿

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    The conjugative transfer of the plasmid carrying the blaCTX-M-9 gene from Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow isolated from a chicken farm to a recipient Escherichia coli strain was evaluated in vitro and in axenic rats inoculated with both strains, with or without selective pressure due to therapeutic doses of cefixime. The transfer of the blaCTX-M-9 gene of S. enterica serovar Virchow to E. coli was confirmed in vitro, at a low frequency of 5.9 × 10−8 transconjugants/donors. This transfer rate was higher in gnotobiotic rats and reached ∌10−5 transconjugants/donors without selective pressure. This frequency was not affected by the addition of therapeutic doses of cefixime. Thus, estimates of in vitro transfer underestimated potential transfer in the digestive tract, and therapeutic doses of cefixime did not increase the selection for transconjugants
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