Sensitive Skin

Sensitive skin is a condition that affects a large percentage of people today and can occur at any point in their lives. It can affect people of all ages with different skin types. Signs of sensitivity can be permanent or be triggered by various external and internal factors, such as bacteria, chemicals, allergens, adverse weather conditions, hormonal problems, stress, etc. This article describes different types of sensitive skin, along with the external and internal factors that affect sensitive skin. It offers care recommendations as well as therapeutic techniques and methods for treatment

Six4/5 Family Transcription Factor UNC-39 Controls the Development of RID Neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans

Members of the Six4/5 family of homeobox transcription factors have been implicated in multiple human disorders, including type I mytonic dystrophy, branchio-oto-renal syndrome, and holoprosencephaly, suggesting a role for these factors in the nervous system development. Using a forward genetics approach, we identified unc-39, a C. elegans homologue of the human SIX5 gene, as a novel regulator of the development of a specific neuron, called RID. Our data support the role of unc-39 early in C. elegans development and suggest a possibility of complete absence of RID neuron in unc-39 mutants. unc-39 mutant has a similar locomotion phenotype to the RID-ablated animals, which provides further support to the hypothesis that the absence of RID contributes to the locomotion phenotype observed in the mutant. We show that unc-39 functions at multiple points in the lineage that gives rise to the RID neuron, and that its function is context-dependent.MAS

Neuroendocrine modulation sustains the C. elegans forward motor state

Neuromodulators shape neural circuit dynamics. Combining electron microscopy, genetics, transcriptome profiling, calcium imaging, and optogenetics, we discovered a peptidergic neuron that modulates C. elegans motor circuit dynamics. The Six/SO-family homeobox transcription factor UNC-39 governs lineage-specific neurogenesis to give rise to a neuron RID. RID bears the anatomic hallmarks of a specialized endocrine neuron: it harbors near-exclusive dense core vesicles that cluster periodically along the axon, and expresses multiple neuropeptides, including the FMRF-amide-related FLP-14. RID activity increases during forward movement. Ablating RID reduces the sustainability of forward movement, a phenotype partially recapitulated by removing FLP-14. Optogenetic depolarization of RID prolongs forward movement, an effect reduced in the absence of FLP-14. Together, these results establish the role of a neuroendocrine cell RID in sustaining a specific behavioral state in C. elegans. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19887.00