64 research outputs found
Metoda inaktywacji biologicznych czynników chorobotwórczych z zastosowaniem UVC
At the end of the 1990s many countries started implementing pathogen inactivation methods for blood components dedicated for clinical use into routine work of blood transfusion facilities. A chemical — solvent detergent — method was developed as well as methods based on photochemical and photodynamic reactions with methylene blue, amotosalene hydrochloride and riboflavin. Although removal processes are used blood components subjected to inactivation with the above methods still contain traces of chemical compounds (the exception here is the riboflavin method). Attempts were therefore made to develop an inactivation method with no chemicals, based only on appropriate wavelength illumination. Theraflex UV Platelets system is the example of such inactivation method for platelet concentrates (PCs) based on UVC, with no photosensitizing compound. Therflex UV system makes use of 254 nm wavelength radiation, which is not absorbed by proteins, so there is no need for conventional toxicity tests. The method is effective for clinically significant G (+) and G (–) bacteria as well as viruses and protozoa. Clinical trials demonstrated reduced recovery of platelets inactivated by UVC and reduced survival time in the recipient’s organism.Metody inaktywacji biologicznych czynników chorobotwórczych w składnikach krwi przeznaczonych do przetoczenia zaczęto wdrażać do rutynowej pracy placówek służby krwi w wielu krajach od końca lat 90 ubiegłego stulecia. Opracowano metodę chemiczną — solvent detergent — oraz metody oparte na reakcjach fotochemicznych i fotodynamicznych, takie jak: metoda z błękitem metylenowym, metoda z chlorowodorkiem amotosalenu oraz metoda z ryboflawiną. Składniki krwi poddane inaktywacji wyżej wymienionymi metodami, pomimo zastosowania procesu usuwania związków chemicznych (wyjątek stanowi metoda z ryboflawiną), zawierają śladowe ilości związków chemicznych. W związku z tym podjęto próby opracowania takiej metody inaktywacji, która nie wymagałaby dodawania związków chemicznych, a zastosowania jedynie promieniowania o odpowiedniej długości fali. Przykładem metody, w której zastosowano tylko UVC, bez dodawania związku fotouczulającego, jest system Theraflex UV Platelets, opracowany w celu inaktywacji biologicznych czynników chorobotwórczych w koncentratach krwinek płytkowych (KKP). W systemie Therflex UV zastosowano promieniowanie o długość fali 254 nm, które nie jest absorbowane przez białka, dlatego też nie ma konieczności wykonywania konwencjonalnych testów toksyczności. Metoda jest skuteczna w stosunku do istotnych klinicznie bakterii G (+) i G (–) oraz wirusów i pierwotniaków. W badaniach klinicznych stwierdzono zmniejszone odzyskanie krwinek płytkowych poddanych inaktywacji metodą z UVC i skrócony czas ich przeżycia w organizmie biorcy
Leukocyty a metody inaktywacji biologicznych czynników chorobotwórczych w składnikach krwi
Transfusion of blood components with residual leukocytes may lead to a number of adverse reactions based on two separate immune-mediated mechanisms. Such complications include transfusion associated - graft versus host disease (TA-GvHD), febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs), which are caused by release of cytokines and recipient alloimmunization with HLA antigens. This leads to anti-HLA antibody formation in the recipient and may induce refractory response to the transfused platelet concentrate (PC). To reduce the risk of transferring residual leukocytes with transfused blood components, for many years now various preparation methods have been applied, which contribute to reduction of white blood cell (WBC) count or to leukocyte inactivation. These methods are: leukoreduction, gamma irradiation and pathogen inactivation methods. Advancement of research on pathogen inactivation in blood components has demonstrated that some of the methods used for the routine pathogen inactivation in plasma and platelet concentrate ( Mirasol®PRT system and Intercept) may also be effective for inactivation of T lymphocytes. These methods may therefore serve as alternative to irradiation.
Also the inactivation method with UVC light when implemented into routine use, may replace the commonly used irradiator. Inactivation methods were found not only effective for protection against TA-GvHD, but also for inhibiting cytokine synthesis, primarily responsible for febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions.Przetoczenie składników krwi z zawartymi w nich leukocytami może wywołać u biorcy wiele niepożądanych reakcji opartych na mechanizmach o charakterze immunologicznym, takich jak: potransfuzyjna choroba przeszczep przeciw gospodarzowi (TA-GvHD), niehemolityczne gorączkowe reakcje poprzetoczeniowe (FNHTRs), spowodowane uwalnianiem się cytokin oraz alloimmunizacja biorcy antygenami HLA, co prowadzi do powstawania u biorcy przeciwciał anty-HLA, które mogą być przyczyną oporności na przetaczane KKP. W celu ograniczenia ryzyka związanego z obecnością resztkowych leukocytów w przetaczanych składnikach krwi od lat są stosowane różne metody preparatyki, które obniżają liczbę leukocytów lub je inaktywują. Należą do nich: leukoredukcja, stosowanie promieniowania gamma oraz metody inaktywacji biologicznych czynników chorobotwórczych. Na podstawie intensywnego rozwoju badań nad inaktywacją biologicznych czynników chorobotwórczych w składnikach krwi stwierdzono, że stosowane rutynowo metody inaktywacji w osoczu i w KKP — Mirasol i Intercept — skutecznie inaktywują także limfocyty T. W związku z powyższym metody te mogą stanowić alternatywę dla napromieniania. Podobnie metoda inaktywacji z UVC, po wprowadzeniu do rutynowego stosowania, będzie mogła zastąpić powszechnie stosowany radiator. Jednocześnie stwierdzono, że metody inaktywacji nie tylko zabezpieczają przed TA-GvHD, ale również hamują syntezę cytokin, które odpowiadają przede wszystkim za niehemolityczne gorączkowe reakcje poprzetoczeniowe
Pathogen inactivation method using ultraviolet C light
Since the end of the 1990s pathogen inactivation methods were being gradually implemented into routine work of blood transfusion establishments in many countries with regard to blood components dedicated for clinical use. The developed pathogen inactivation methods were either based on chemical compounds eg. the solvent detergent (SD) inactivation method or on photochemical and photodynamic reactions eg. inactivation methods with methylene blue, amotosalen hydrochloride and riboflavin. Blood components inactivated with any of the above mentioned methods still had traces of chemical compounds although removal steps were added (an exception here is the method with riboflavin). Attempts were therefore undertaken to develop an inactivation method based not on chemical compounds but on specific wavelength irradiation. An example of such inactivation method solely based on properties of short-wave UVC-light (UVC) with no photosensitizing chemicals is the Theraflex UV-Platelets system dedicated to platelet concentrates (PCs). The system uses 254 nm wavelength irradiation which is not absorbed by proteins so conventional toxicity tests are not required. The method is effective for clinically significant both G (+) and G (-) bacteria as well as viruses and protozoa. Clinical trials demonstrated reduced recovery of UVC-irradiated platelets and shorter survival time in the recipient’s organism
Leukocytes and pathogen inactivation methods
Transfusion of blood components with residual leukocytes may lead to a number of adverse reactions based on two separate immune-mediated mechanisms. Such complications include transfusion associated — graft versus host disease (TA-GvHD), febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs), which are caused by release of cytokines and recipient alloimmunization with HLA antigens. This leads to anti-HLA antibody formation in the recipient and may induce refractory response to the transfused platelet concentrate (PC). To reduce the risk of transferring residual leukocytes with transfused blood components, for many years now various preparation methods have been applied, which contribute to reduction of white blood cell (WBC) count or to leukocyte inactivation. These include: leukoreduction, gamma irradiation and pathogen inactivation methods. Advancement of research on pathogen inactivation in blood components has demonstrated that some of the methods used for the routine pathogen inactivation in plasma and platelet concentrate (Mirasol®PRT system and Intercept) may also be effective for inactivation of T lymphocytes. These methods may therefore serve as alternative to irradiation. Also the inactivation method with UVC light when implemented into routine use, may replace the commonly used irradiator. Inactivation methods were found not only effective for protection against TA-GvHD, but also for inhibiting cytokine synthesis, primarily responsible for febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions.Transfusion of blood components with residual leukocytes may lead to a number of adverse reactions based on two separate immune-mediated mechanisms. Such complications include transfusion associated — graft versus host disease (TA-GvHD), febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs), which are caused by release of cytokines and recipient alloimmunization with HLA antigens. This leads to anti-HLA antibody formation in the recipient and may induce refractory response to the transfused platelet concentrate (PC). To reduce the risk of transferring residual leukocytes with transfused blood components, for many years now various preparation methods have been applied, which contribute to reduction of white blood cell (WBC) count or to leukocyte inactivation. These include: leukoreduction, gamma irradiation and pathogen inactivation methods. Advancement of research on pathogen inactivation in blood components has demonstrated that some of the methods used for the routine pathogen inactivation in plasma and platelet concentrate (Mirasol®PRT system and Intercept) may also be effective for inactivation of T lymphocytes. These methods may therefore serve as alternative to irradiation. Also the inactivation method with UVC light when implemented into routine use, may replace the commonly used irradiator. Inactivation methods were found not only effective for protection against TA-GvHD, but also for inhibiting cytokine synthesis, primarily responsible for febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions
- …