Effets d'un programme d'entraînement en endurance sur le remodelage et la fonction ventriculaire gauche chez un modèle animal d'insuffisance aortique

L'insuffisance aortique (IA) chronique est une pathologie valvulaire occasionnant une surcharge de volume (SV) pathologique dans le ventricule gauche (VG) au cours de la diastole. Cette surcharge est conséquente de la perte d'étanchéité de la valve aortique qui laisse régurgiter anormalement du sang de l'aorte vers le VG. En réponse à la SV auquel il est contraint, le VG enclenche différents mécanismes compensatoires en vue de conserver une fonction cardiaque normale et adaptée. Ces mécanismes s'avèrent toutefois néfastes à long terme puisqu'ils favorisent la progression vers l'insuffisance cardiaque (IC). La prise en charge clinique des patients ayant une IA chronique modérée à sévère est actuellement controversée. En effet, aucune recommandation de classe A (bienfaits reconnus) n'est disponible chez ces patients. En marge de la médication, les effets chroniques de l'exercice physique en endurance (EPE) sur le remodelage et la fonction ventriculaire gauche de patients IA n'ont jamais été étudiés. Les cardiologues doivent donc user de leur jugement clinique pour permettre ou proscrire l'EPE à leur patient IA. Les craintes associées à l'EPE sont d'une part d'imposer une charge de travail trop importante sur le coeur à l'effort. D'autre part, puisque l'EPE occasionne une SV physiologique en augmentant le volume plasmatique, la question qui se pose est la suivante : est-ce que le VG de patients IA est en mesure de gérer une double SV et tirer profits des bienfaits cardiovasculaires engendrés par l'exercice ou, au contraire, est-ce lui imposer une charge de travail trop importante qui accélérerait la progression de la pathologie vers 1TC ? L'objectif général de cette thèse était d'évaluer les effets cardiovasculaires de l'EPE ainsi que de sa sécurité en condition d'IA. Mes travaux ont démontré, chez des rats IA chroniques et sévères, que l'EPE augmente leur survie à neuf mois par rapport à des rats IA sédentaires. Ce gain de survie est principalement associé à la préservation d'une meilleure fonction diastolique du VG. Elle s'accompagne également d'un métabolisme oxydatif cardiaque plus efficace et d'une meilleure balance entre les systèmes sympathique et parasympathique. Bref, ces résultats laissent croire que des patients IA soumis à un programme adapté d'EPE augmenteraient leur qualité ainsi que leur durée de vie

La construction de l’enjeu des migrations climatiques dans les médias canadiens de 2010 à 2021.

Cette recherche explore la construction discursive entourant l’enjeu des migrations climatiques dans les médias canadiens de 2010 à 2021. Les résultats de cette recherche documenteront les cadres discursifs présents dans les articles du Globe and Mail et de La Presse. Il est soutenu que les cadres discursifs agissent comme des structures cognitives qui induisent des interprétations particulières du problème des migrations climatiques et circonscrivent la portée des solutions pouvant adresser l’enjeu en question. Ce mémoire présente ainsi l’état de la délibération publique canadienne sur la question en examinant la manière dont les médias comprennent et définissent l’enjeu des migrations climatiques. Les résultats de nos analyses montrent que les articles du Globe and Mail et de La Presse cadrent les migrations climatiques majoritairement sous l’approche de la victimisation, profilant les migrants climatiques comme des « réfugiés climatiques » désespérés et forcés de quitter leur lieu de résidence à cause des impacts des changements climatiques. Le regard humanitaire des médias favorise trois solutions aux migrations climatiques: des politiques plus strictes pour lutter contre les CC, une compensation financière pour la relocalisation des migrants climatiques et la création d'un statut juridique d'immigration afin d’accueillir et de protéger les migrants climatiques. Les résultats indiquent aussi, dans une moindre mesure, d’autres cadres discursifs : le cadre de la sécurité, de l’adaptation, de l’agentivité politique et économique aux caractéristiques distinctes. En somme, cette recherche illumine les différentes manières d’interpréter l’enjeu des migrations climatiques au Canada et en recense leur popularité dans les médias

Carvedilol treatment for aortic valve regurgitation

Background — Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a chronic disease for which there is currently no approved medical treatment. We previously reported in an animal model that β-blockade with metoprolol exerted beneficial effects on left ventricular remodeling and survival. Despite the recent publication of promising human data, β-blockade in chronic AR remains controversial. More data are needed to support this potentially new treatment strategy. We hypothesized that carvedilol might be another safe treatment option in chronic AR, considering its combined β-blocking and α-blocking effects and proven efficacy in patients with established heart failure. Methods and Results — The effects of a 6-month treatment with carvedilol 30 mg/kg/d orally were evaluated in adult Wistar rats with severe AR. Sham-operated and untreated AR animals were used as controls. Carvedilol treatment resulted in less left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation. Ejection fraction was improved and filling pressures were reduced by carvedilol. β1-Receptor expression was also improved as well as myocardial capillary density. Those beneficial effects were noted despite the presence of drug-induced bradycardia. Conclusions — Carvedilol exerted protective effects against volume-overload cardiomyopathy in this model of aortic valve regurgitation with preserved ejection fraction. These results suggest a protective class effect of β-blockers. Combined with the recent publication of promising human data, our findings support the need to carefully design a prospective study in humans to evaluate the effects of β-blockers in chronic aortic valve regurgitation

Spironolactone treatment for aortic valve regurgitation

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY : Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a disease for which there is currently no effective medical treatment. It has been shown previously in an experimental model of AR that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a major role, and that medications blocking the RAAS are effective to protect against left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and also help to maintain a normal systolic function. The role of aldosterone receptor blockers in this disease has never been evaluated. Thus, the effects were studied of the aldosterone receptor blocking agent spironolactone in a model of chronic AR in rats. METHODS : The effects of a six-month treatment with spironolactone were evaluated in adult Wistar rats with severe AR, compared to sham-operated and untreated AR animals. RESULTS : Spironolactone treatment decreased the total heart weight. In addition, the LV expression of atrial natriuretic peptide mRNA was decreased by spironolactone treatment, as was the expression of collagen 1 and LOX1 mRNAs. Left ventricular fibrosis was decreased by spironolactone treatment. CONCLUSION : Spironolactone protected against volume-overload cardiomyopathy in this model of aortic valve regurgitation. The predominant protective effect was a decrease in myocardial fibrosis

Renal Replacement Therapies in the Intensive Care Unit

Renal replacement therapies (RRT) are commonly used in critically ill patients to achieve solute clearance, maintain acid-base status, and remove fluid excess. The last two decades have seen the emergence of large randomized control trials bringing new evidence regarding how RRT should now be managed in the ICU. RRT is considered a vital supportive care and needs to be adequately prescribed and delivered. This chapter first summarizes the basic principles and characteristics of the three major RTT modalities: intermittent hemodialysis (IHD), prolonged intermittent RRT (PIRRT), and continuous RRT (CRRT). Then, the large body of literature regarding indications for initiation (early vs late), choice of modality (intermittent vs continuous and diffusion vs convection), dosing (intensive vs less-intensive), and anticoagulation alternatives is reviewed to guide clinical decision-making. Recent evidence in the optimal timing of discontinuing RRT is reported. Finally, troubleshooting scenarios frequently seen in clinics and requiring an adapted RRT prescription are also discussed

Impact of anesthesia on echocardiographic evaluation of systolic and diastolic function in rats

Background : Echocardiography is used on rats but general anesthesia is usually necessary to be able to obtain a good quality echocardiogram. Each type of anesthetic agent has specific impacts on hemodynamics and, therefore, may affect differentially the echocardiographic measurements. Objectives : We sought to compare the echocardiograms of normal rats and rats with chronic aortic regurgitation under anesthesia using ketamine-xylazine or isoflurane. Methods : Animals underwent an echocardiogram with both drugs sequentially. Echocardiographic measurements were compared. Results : Mitral diastolic Doppler measurements (early diastolic filling wave [E] and late atrial diastolic filling wave [A] velocities) were significantly affected by the type of anesthesia in the normal group but not left ventricular dimensions or ejection fraction. Left ventricular dimensions were affected by the type of anesthesia in the aortic regurgitation group and diastolic Doppler flow. Conclusion : The anesthetic agent has significant specific impacts on many echocardiographic measurements. Investigators working with rat models should be aware of those potential effects

Fructose-fed rats and eccentric LVH

The development of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) can be affected by diet manipulation. Concentric LVH resulting from pressure overload can be worsened by feeding rats with a high-fructose diet. Eccentric LVH is a different type of hypertrophy and is associated with volume overload (VO) diseases. The impact of an abnormal diet on the development of eccentric LVH and on ventricular function in chronic VO is unknown. This study therefore examined the effects of a fructose-rich diet on LV eccentric hypertrophy, ventricular function, and myocardial metabolic enzymes in rats with chronic VO caused by severe aortic valve regurgitation (AR). Wistar rats were divided in four groups: sham-operated on control diet (SC; n = 13) or fructose-rich diet (SF; n = 13) and severe aortic regurgitation fed with the same diets [aortic regurgitation on control diet (ARC), n = 16, and aortic regurgitation on fructose-rich diet (ARF), n = 13]. Fructose-rich diet was started 1 wk before surgery, and the animals were euthanized 9 wk later. SF and ARF had high circulating triglycerides. ARC and ARF developed significant LV eccentric hypertrophy after 8 wk as expected. However, ARF developed more LVH than ARC. LV ejection fraction was slightly lower in the ARF compared with ARC. The increased LVH and decreased ejection fraction could not be explained by differences in hemodynamic load. SF, ARC, and ARF had lower phosphorylation levels of the AMP kinase compared with SC. A fructose-rich diet worsened LV eccentric hypertrophy and decreased LV function in a model of chronic VO caused by AR in rats. Normal animals fed the same diet did not develop these abnormalities. Hypertriglyceridemia may play a central role in this phenomenon as well as AMP kinase activity

Gender differences in left ventricular remodeling in chronic severe aortic valve regurgitation in rats.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) can result in heart failure from chronic overloading of the left ventricle. As little is known of gender-specific responses of the left ventricle to this condition, the study aim was to compare left ventricular (LV) remodeling in male and female rats with severe AR. In order to assess the impact of estrogens on LV remodeling in AR, the effect of ovariectomy (OVX) was also evaluated. METHODS: AR was created in adult Wistar rats (females (control or OVX) and males). Animals were followed for 26 weeks and compared to sham-operated groups. Heart function was evaluated in vivo using echocardiography, and the hearts were subsequently harvested for tissue analysis. RESULTS: The LV ejection fraction was decreased similarly in both sexes. Despite similar echocardiographic AR severity, females had higher indexed cardiac output and the largest increase in LV weight, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and eccentric remodeling. No differences were observed between control and OVX females. Ovariectomy had no significant impact on any of the parameters monitored. CONCLUSION: Female rats developed more LV remodeling in response to chronic AR than males. AR appears to impose a greater LV workload on females due to their smaller body and heart size. Hormonal status did not have any impact on LV remodeling in this experimental model

Vasodilators in an animal model of volume overload

Background— Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a disease of chronic left ventricular (LV) volume overload. Over time, AR will lead to LV dilatation, hypertrophy, and loss of function. There is currently no medical treatment proven effective to slow the evolution of this cardiomyopathy. Vasodilators were once thought to have protective effects, but recent publications have cast some doubts about their effectiveness. We hypothesized that drugs targeting the renin-angiotensin system should be more effective than those having no direct effect on the renin-angiotensin system. Methods and Results— We designed a protocol comparing the effects of 3 vasodilators in a rat AR model (n=9 to 11 animals per group). The effects of a 6-month treatment of (1) nifedipine, (2) captopril, or (3) losartan were compared in male AR rats. Sham-operated and untreated AR animals were used as controls. Nifedipine-treated animals displayed hemodynamics, LV dilatation, hypertrophy, and loss of function similar to those of the untreated group. Both captopril and losartan were effective in improving hemodynamics, slow LV dilatation, hypertrophy, and dysfunction. Gene expression analysis confirmed the lack of effects of the nifedipine treatment at the molecular level. Conclusions— Using an animal model of severe AR, we found that vasodilators targeting the renin-angiotensin system were effective to slow the development of LV remodeling and to preserve LV function. As recently shown in the most recent human clinical trial, nifedipine was totally ineffective. Targeting the renin-angiotensin system seems a promising avenue in the treatment of this disease, and clinical trials should be carefully designed to re-evaluate the effectiveness of angiotensin I–converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers in AR

Moderate exercise training improves survival and ventricular remodeling in an animal model of left ventricular volume overload.

BACKGROUND: Exercise training has beneficial effects in patients with heart failure, although there is still no clear evidence that it may impact on their survival. There are no data regarding the effects of exercise in subjects with chronic left ventricular (LV) volume overload. Using a rat model of severe aortic valve regurgitation (AR), we studied the effects of long-term exercise training on survival, development of heart failure, and LV myocardial remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred sixty male adult rats were divided in 3 groups: sham sedentary (n=40), AR sedentary (n=80), and AR trained (n=40). Training consisted in treadmill running for up to 30 minutes, 5 times per week for 9 months, at a maximal speed of 20 m/minute. All sham-operated animals survived the entire course of the protocol. After 9 months, 65% of trained animals were alive compared with 46% of sedentary ones (P=0.05). Ejection fractions remained in the normal range (all above 60%) and LV masses between AR groups were similar. There was significantly less LV fibrosis in the trained group and lower LV filling pressures and improved echocardiographic diastolic parameters. Heart rate variability was also improved by exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that moderate endurance training is safe, does not increase the rate of developing heart failure, and most importantly, improves survival in this animal model of chronic LV volume overload. Exercise improved LV diastolic function, heart rate variability, and reduced myocardial fibrosis