27 research outputs found

    The evaluation of health interventions : relevance of observational studies and methods to control for confounding by indication

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    La mĂ©decine fondĂ©e sur les preuves a confĂ©rĂ© Ă  l’essai contrĂŽlĂ© randomisĂ© (ECR) le plus haut niveau de preuve dans l’évaluation de l’effet des mĂ©dicaments, et par extension de toute intervention en santĂ©. Cependant, le recours aux Ă©tudes observationnelles s’avĂšre Ă©galement nĂ©cessaire (i) pour conforter, en situation rĂ©elle, les rĂ©sultats issus des ECR dont la validitĂ© externe est limitĂ©e, (ii) dans des situations, notamment lorsqu’il s’agit d’interventions complexes, oĂč l’ECR n’est pas toujours rĂ©alisable pour des questions Ă©thiques et/ou organisationnelles. Toutefois, les Ă©tudes observationnelles sont sujettes Ă  diffĂ©rents types de biais, et notamment au biais d’indication. Ce travail de thĂšse explore les diffĂ©rentes techniques d’analyse statistique des rĂ©sultats permettant de maĂźtriser ce biais. Dans une premiĂšre partie, les aspects thĂ©oriques ont Ă©tĂ© abordĂ©s. Les diffĂ©rentes techniques disponibles ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es, analysĂ©es et comparĂ©es : les techniques d’ajustement multivariĂ©, celles utilisant un score de propension (SP) et celles utilisant une variable instrumentale (VI). Pour approfondir les connaissances sur la question, une revue systĂ©matique de la littĂ©rature a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e. Elle a mis en Ă©vidence la faible concordance entre les rĂ©sultats obtenus en utilisant un SP et ceux obtenus en utilisant une VI, lorsque ces deux techniques Ă©taient utilisĂ©es dans une mĂȘme Ă©tude pour Ă©valuer la mĂȘme intervention. Dans une seconde partie, l’utilisation de SP et/ou VI a Ă©tĂ© testĂ©e dans trois exemples d’évaluation d’interventions complexes Ă  partir de donnĂ©es de pratiques courantes recueillies dans le cadre de deux Ă©tudes observationnelles de cohorte : (i) l’évaluation de l’effet d’un rĂ©seau de soins spĂ©cialisĂ© dans l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) sur la mortalitĂ© ; (ii) l’évaluation de l’effet des stratĂ©gies mĂ©dicamenteuses appropriĂ©es dans l’IC sur la mortalitĂ© ; (iii) l’évaluation de l’effet des stratĂ©gies antithrombotiques chez les patients hĂ©modialysĂ©s sur le risque hĂ©morragique.Evidence-based medicine placed randomized controlled trials (RCT) at the highest level of evidence to evaluate the effects of medications and, by extension, of all health interventions. Nevertheless, observational studies are necessary (i) to support, in real-world settings, the results of RCTs, the external validity of which is limited, and (ii) in situations where RCTs are not feasible for ethical or practical reasons, particularly when evaluating complex interventions. However, observational studies are particularly prone to confounding by indication. This thesis focuses on analytical methods to reduce this bias. In its first part, the theoretical aspects were addressed. Available methods were identified, reviewed and compared: multivariate adjustment methods, methods using a propensity score (PS) and methods using an instrumental variable (IV). To further knowledge on this issue, a systematic literature review was performed. This review revealed that more and more observational studies simultaneously use PS and IV approaches to evaluate the same intervention, often leading to nonconcordant results that may be dif?cult to interpret. In a second part, the use of PS and/or VI methods was tested in three evaluations of complex interventions in real-world settings, using data from two cohort studies: (i) to evaluate the effectiveness on mortality of a community-based multidisciplinary disease management programme for heart failure (HF) patients; (ii) to evaluate the effectiveness of recommended drug prescriptions on mortality in patients with HF; (iii) to evaluate the effect of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies on the risk of major bleeding events in chronic hemodialysis patient

    Évaluation de l'effet des interventions en santĂ© : intĂ©rĂȘt des Ă©tudes observationnelles et mĂ©thodes d'analyse pour maĂźtriser le biais d'indication

    No full text
    Evidence-based medicine placed randomized controlled trials (RCT) at the highest level of evidence to evaluate the effects of medications and, by extension, of all health interventions. Nevertheless, observational studies are necessary (i) to support, in real-world settings, the results of RCTs, the external validity of which is limited, and (ii) in situations where RCTs are not feasible for ethical or practical reasons, particularly when evaluating complex interventions. However, observational studies are particularly prone to confounding by indication. This thesis focuses on analytical methods to reduce this bias. In its first part, the theoretical aspects were addressed. Available methods were identified, reviewed and compared: multivariate adjustment methods, methods using a propensity score (PS) and methods using an instrumental variable (IV). To further knowledge on this issue, a systematic literature review was performed. This review revealed that more and more observational studies simultaneously use PS and IV approaches to evaluate the same intervention, often leading to nonconcordant results that may be dif?cult to interpret. In a second part, the use of PS and/or VI methods was tested in three evaluations of complex interventions in real-world settings, using data from two cohort studies: (i) to evaluate the effectiveness on mortality of a community-based multidisciplinary disease management programme for heart failure (HF) patients; (ii) to evaluate the effectiveness of recommended drug prescriptions on mortality in patients with HF; (iii) to evaluate the effect of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies on the risk of major bleeding events in chronic hemodialysis patientsLa mĂ©decine fondĂ©e sur les preuves a confĂ©rĂ© Ă  l’essai contrĂŽlĂ© randomisĂ© (ECR) le plus haut niveau de preuve dans l’évaluation de l’effet des mĂ©dicaments, et par extension de toute intervention en santĂ©. Cependant, le recours aux Ă©tudes observationnelles s’avĂšre Ă©galement nĂ©cessaire (i) pour conforter, en situation rĂ©elle, les rĂ©sultats issus des ECR dont la validitĂ© externe est limitĂ©e, (ii) dans des situations, notamment lorsqu’il s’agit d’interventions complexes, oĂč l’ECR n’est pas toujours rĂ©alisable pour des questions Ă©thiques et/ou organisationnelles. Toutefois, les Ă©tudes observationnelles sont sujettes Ă  diffĂ©rents types de biais, et notamment au biais d’indication. Ce travail de thĂšse explore les diffĂ©rentes techniques d’analyse statistique des rĂ©sultats permettant de maĂźtriser ce biais. Dans une premiĂšre partie, les aspects thĂ©oriques ont Ă©tĂ© abordĂ©s. Les diffĂ©rentes techniques disponibles ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es, analysĂ©es et comparĂ©es : les techniques d’ajustement multivariĂ©, celles utilisant un score de propension (SP) et celles utilisant une variable instrumentale (VI). Pour approfondir les connaissances sur la question, une revue systĂ©matique de la littĂ©rature a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e. Elle a mis en Ă©vidence la faible concordance entre les rĂ©sultats obtenus en utilisant un SP et ceux obtenus en utilisant une VI, lorsque ces deux techniques Ă©taient utilisĂ©es dans une mĂȘme Ă©tude pour Ă©valuer la mĂȘme intervention. Dans une seconde partie, l’utilisation de SP et/ou VI a Ă©tĂ© testĂ©e dans trois exemples d’évaluation d’interventions complexes Ă  partir de donnĂ©es de pratiques courantes recueillies dans le cadre de deux Ă©tudes observationnelles de cohorte : (i) l’évaluation de l’effet d’un rĂ©seau de soins spĂ©cialisĂ© dans l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) sur la mortalitĂ© ; (ii) l’évaluation de l’effet des stratĂ©gies mĂ©dicamenteuses appropriĂ©es dans l’IC sur la mortalitĂ© ; (iii) l’évaluation de l’effet des stratĂ©gies antithrombotiques chez les patients hĂ©modialysĂ©s sur le risque hĂ©morragique

    Accidents du travail et maladies professionnelles : définitions

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    - Définir un accident du travail (AT), une maladie professionnelle (MP), une incapacité permanente (IP), une consolidation. - Se repérer dans les procédures et en comprendre les enjeux

    Environnement professionnel et santé : prévention des risques professionnels : organisation de la médecine du travail

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    - Expliquer le cadre d'action du médecin du travail et ses relations avec les autres partenaires de santé. - A propos des risques liés aux solvants organiques, au plomb, à l'amiante, aux bruits, aux mouvements répétés ou à la manutention, savoir expliquer les possibilités d'action préventive du médecin du travail. - Evaluer l'impact du travail sur la santé et rapporter une pathologie aux contraintes professionnelles. - Mettre en relation pronostic médical et pronostic socioprofessionnel

    Performing both propensity score and instrumental variable analyses in observational studies often leads to discrepant results: a systematic review

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    International audienceOBJECTIVES:Propensity score (PS) and instrumental variable (IV) are analytical techniques used to adjust for confounding in observational research. More and more, they seem to be used simultaneously in studies evaluating health interventions. The present review aimed to analyze the agreement between PS and IV results in medical research published to date.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING:Review of all published observational studies that evaluated a clinical intervention using simultaneously PS and IV analyses, as identified in MEDLINE and Web of Science.RESULTS:Thirty-seven studies, most of them published during the previous 5 years, reported 55 comparisons between results from PS and IV analyses. There was a slight/fair agreement between the methods [Cohen's kappa coefficient = 0.21 (95% confidence interval: 0.00, 0.41)]. In 23 cases (42%), results were nonsignificant for one method and significant for the other, and IV analysis results were nonsignificant in most situations (87%).CONCLUSION:Discrepancies are frequent between PS and IV analyses and can be interpreted in various ways. This suggests that researchers should carefully consider their analytical choices, and readers should be cautious when interpreting results, until further studies clarify the respective roles of the two methods in observational comparative effectiveness research

    Intoxication par le plomb dans les stands de tir : un risque connu mais qui persiste

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    International audienceLa frĂ©quentation d’un stand de tir, que ce soit au titre des loisirs ou du travail, expose Ă  l’inhalation ou l’ingestion de poussiĂšres de plomb qui prĂ©sente un risque pour la santĂ©, notamment chez l’enfant et la femme enceinte ou allaitante. Bien que ce risque soit connu et encadrĂ© par une rĂ©glementation et des recommandations de bonnes pratiques, des cas de plombĂ©mies au-delĂ  des seuils de vigilance sont rĂ©guliĂšrement rapportĂ©s par des Centres antipoison ou des centres de consultations de pathologies professionnelles en France

    Antiplatelet and oral anticoagulant therapies in chronic hemodialysis patients: prescribing practices and bleeding risk

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    International audiencePURPOSE:Results of previous studies assessing the risk of bleeding associated with prescription of antiplatelet (AP) and/or oral anticoagulant (AC) therapy to hemodialysis patients are conflicting. Our purpose was to describe practices for prescription of AP and AC in hemodialysis patients in the Lorraine region, and to assess their effect on the risk of major bleeding events.METHODS:All adults with chronic kidney disease who began a first renal replacement therapy by hemodialysis in 2009 or 2010 in one of the 12 dialysis centers in Lorraine were included in the Thrombosis and Hemorrhage in HemoDialysis patients (T2HD) study and followed up until 30 June 2013. The association of each treatment (AP, AC, AP + AC) with the risk of major bleeding was estimated by three Cox proportional hazard models with an inverse probability of treatment weighting on a propensity score, considering the untreated patients as the reference.RESULTS:Among 502 patients included, 227 (45.2%) received an AP, 68 (13.5%) an AC, 81 (16.1%) a combination AP + AC, and 126 (25.1%) were untreated. As compared with untreated patients, those given AP (HR 5.52, 95% CI [3.11-9.80]), AC (HR: 4.15, 95% CI: [3.46-4.99]), and AP + AC (HR: 5.59, 95% CI [2.62-11.91]) were at greater risk of major bleeding events.CONCLUSIONS:The risk of major bleeding is higher in patients receiving an oral AC compared with untreated patients and those receiving an AP agent. A combination of the two drugs does not seem to increase the risk
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