5 research outputs found
Approche physique du procĂ©dĂ© dâenduction grande vitesse (EGV) dâun filament de carbure de silicium SiC par un alliage de titane liquide
Le procédé EGV consiste à faire passer un
filament de SiC au travers dâun bain de titane liquide. Ce procĂ©dĂ© bien
quâĂ©conomiquement rentable induit des artĂ©facts : dĂ©stabilisation de la gaine liquide
(formations de gouttes), mauvais mouillage du filament ; effets quâil convient de
maßtriser ou limiter. Cette pluridisciplinarité nous a portés à analyser le problÚme par
voie numĂ©rique ainsi quâexpĂ©rimentale (dispositif modĂšle) pour approcher le systĂšme
industriel par lâĂ©tude de cas modĂšles
AmĂ©lioration du comportement Ă l'oxydation Ă trĂšs haute tempĂ©rature des composites carbone/carbone par des revĂȘtements alternĂ©s SiC/HfC
Les composites C/C sont des matériaux trÚs utilisés dans de nombreuses applications pour leurs propriétés exceptionnelles. Néanmoins, ils présentent l'inconvénient de s'oxyder dÚs les basses températures. Le travail dans cette thÚse a consisté en l'élaboration de dépÎts de carbures de silicium (SiC) et d hafnium (HfC) par dépÎt chimique en phase vapeur (CVD) afin de protéger en surface ces composites jusqu à 2000C. Cette voie d'élaboration permet l'obtention de dépÎts denses et continus. Dans un premier temps, une étude thermodynamique du systÚme chimique Hf-Cl-C-H a permis d appréhender les conditions de dépÎt d HfC et de tracer des diagrammes de dépÎt directement utilisables par l expérimentateur. Ensuite, aprÚs avoir déterminé les conditions expérimentales de chloruration de l hafnium, étape antérieure à la CVD, et aprÚs avoir examiné les compatibilités chimiques des deux carbures par Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), une étude expérimentale paramétrique de la CVD d HfC a été proposée. Cela a permis la détermination des conditions optimales de dépÎt permettant l obtention d une protection multiséquencée HfC/SiC, les conditions de dépÎt du SiC étant reprises de la littérature. En plus du procédé de CVD, un autre type de concept portant sur l'enrobage de poudres d'HfC par le SiC, puis frittées par la suite, a également été traité. Enfin, les matériaux fondés sur ces deux concepts ont été testés en oxydation à trÚs haute température. Les résultats obtenus ont permis la validation du matériau multiséquencé à 2000C et le matériau fritté à 1500C.Carbon/Carbon composites are widely used materials in many fields of application for their outstanding properties. Nevertheless, these materials have the drawback of oxidizing at very low temperatures. The aim of this work consisted in depositing by means of Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) coatings made of silicon carbide (SiC) and hafnium carbide (HfC) in order to protect the composite up to 2000C in an oxidizing atmosphere. This way of manufacturing has allowed reaching dense and continuous coatings. First, a thermodynamic study of the Hf-Cl-C-H chemical system has permitted to study the influence of HfC deposition parameters and to report them into deposition diagrams. Then, after the study of experimental conditions in the metallic hafnium chlorination step and the examination of chemical compatibilities of the two carbides by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), a parametric study of the CVD of HfC has been carried out. This has enabled determination of optimal deposition conditions of HfC in order to manufacture an HfC/SiC multilayered protection. SiC experimental conditions were taken from the literature. Besides the materials made by CVD, another kind of material protection made of HfC powder coated with SiC and then sintered has been also studied. Finally, materials based on those two protection concepts have been oxidized at very high temperature. Results have enabled to validate the multilayered protection up to 2000C and the HfC/SiC sintered powder up to 1500C.BORDEAUX1-Bib.electronique (335229901) / SudocSudocFranceF
Ătude du frittage de poudres de carbure de silicium de taille nanomĂ©trique (application Ă l'Ă©laboration de fibres)
La mise en Ćuvre des rĂ©acteurs nuclĂ©aires du futur nĂ©cessite des tempĂ©ratures de fonctionnement Ă©levĂ©es sous flux de neutrons. Parmi les candidats envisagĂ©s pour les matĂ©riaux de structure et de gainage du combustible, les composites Ă matrice cĂ©ramique de type SiCf/SiCm prĂ©sentent un potentiel Ă©levĂ©. Dans ce cadre, les travaux de thĂšse ont consistĂ© Ă Ă©tudier un procĂ©dĂ© alternatif et innovant pour la rĂ©alisation de fibres de carbure de silicium, mettant en jeu le frittage de poudres de taille nanomĂ©trique.Une Ă©tude sur le frittage sans contrainte du SiC a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. Celle-ci a permis de dĂ©finir des systĂšmes d ajouts appropriĂ©s pour la densification et de maĂźtriser la microstructure du matĂ©riau final Ă partir (i) de l analyse de l influence des paramĂštres opĂ©ratoires et (ii) du contrĂŽle de la transition de phase SiC b SiC a grĂące Ă l introduction d Ă©lĂ©ments extĂ©rieurs.Des fibres crues SiC/polymĂšre ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©es par deux procĂ©dĂ©s de mise en forme : par extrusion d une solution concentrĂ©e en polymĂšre et chargĂ©e en nanopoudres et par filage et coagulation d une suspension aqueuse de poudres nanomĂ©triques contenant un polymĂšre hydrosoluble. Le frittage de ces derniĂšres conduit Ă des fibres cĂ©ramiques prĂ©sentant un diamĂštre de l ordre de cinquante micromĂštres.Silicon carbide ceramic matrix composites (SiCf/SiCm) are of interest for high temperature applications in aerospace or nuclear components for their relatively high thermal conductivity and low activation under neutron irradiation. While most of silicon carbide fibers are obtained through the pyrolysis of a polycarbosilane precursor, sintering of silicon carbide nanopowders seems to be a promising route to explore.For this reason, pressureless sintering of SiC has been studied. Following the identification of appropriate sintering aids for the densification, optimization of the microstructure has been achieved through (i) the analysis of the influence of operating parameters and (ii) the control of the SiC b SiC a phase transition. Green fibers have been obtained by two different processes involving the extrusion of SiC powder dispersion in polymer solution or the coagulation of a water-soluble polymer containing ceramic particles. Sintering of these green fibers led to fibers of around fifty microns in diameter.BORDEAUX1-Bib.electronique (335229901) / SudocSudocFranceF
Production of metallic titanium by electrowning in molten salts of titanium oxycarbide anode
International audienceThe main industrial route for titanium extraction is the Kroll process. Due to its energy consumption, low efficiency, complexity and its high production costs involved at all processing steps. The need for cheaper and more compact processes has encouraged many researches and trials to develop alternative routes. The new methods, categorized into two groups: thermochemical and electrochemical, have been proposed to reduce the number of steps of the Kroll process, to obtain a product of high purity cheap and thus widen its applications. Several electrochemical processes have been developed so far: GTT (Ginatta Titanium Turin), FFC Cambridge (Fray, Farthing et Chen) and MER-process (or the similar Chinuka process and USTB process). The aim of this work is to study the Chinuka Process. A titanium oxycarbide is used as the consumable anode. The ceramic TiC0,5O0,5 is obtained by carbothermic reduction of titanium dioxide at high temperature and sintered by SPS. Titanium oxycarbide is electrically conductive. During the electrolysis, the titanium present in TiC0,5O0,5 is dissolved as titanium ion which electrodeposited in the cathode, while C and O forms CO without any C or O left in anode. The main issues for successful development of an electrochemical route for titanium production are associated with the existence of several titanium oxidation states (VI, III and II) in solution which involve multistep processes and lead to disproportionation reactions and low current efficiency. , In this study, the salt has been investigated to avoid the formation of Ti2+ and stabilize Ti3+. To understand the mechanism of titanium reduction in the studied molten salt, the first electrowning attempts were carried out using titanium plate anode. The experimental faradic efficiency is around 85% and the XRD analyzes show the presence of metallic titanium. Keywords : Chinuka process, electrowning, titanium oxycarbide
Production of Metallic Titanium by Electrowinning in Molten Salts of Titanium Oxycarbide Anode
The electrochemical behavior of Ti3+ in LiCl-LiF-TiF3 salt was investigated by cyclic and square wave voltammetries at 853 K. Both methods confirm the presence of a single reduction wave of Ti3+ ions to metal, at a potential of â2.3 V vs. Cl2/Clâ. The closeness of the potentials of TiCxOy dissolution and Ti3+/Ti4+ wave is an issue during the electrorefining of the anode. A low current density has to be applied to stay within the titanium oxycarbide dissolution and avoid the formation of Ti4+. The titanium deposition was studied by electrorefining of a titanium metal plate in LiCl-LiF-TiF3 (0.62 mol/kg). The cathodic deposit analysis by XRD and SEM confirms the formation of titanium metal with an average grain size of 150 ”m. The faradic deposition yields are above 85% and constant between 60 and 160 mA/cm2