In vitro elicitation of intestinal immune Responses in Teleost Fish: evidence for a type IV hypersensitivity reaction in Rainbow Trout.

In fish the gut immune system has been the subject of few investigations until now. Here, we provide novel morphological and immunological data on the gut isolated from rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. The pyloric (P) and terminal (T) segments of trout gut, when morphologically examined, evidenced lymphocytes and macrophages (MO) loosely dispersed in the intestinal mucosa and in the lamina propria in the absence of typical Peyer's patches-like structures. Furthermore, incubation of P and T sections with Candida albicans (Ca) and functional analysis of supernatants generated some interesting results. In fact, active supernatants, when compared with controls, exhibited cytokine-like activities attributable to the presence of interferon (IFN)-gamma and migration inhibiting factor (MIF), respectively. In particular, IFN-gamma-like activity gave rise to an enhancement of Ca phagocytosis by MO, whereas MIF inhibited MO migration in agarose. Taken together, these in vitro data suggest that the gut-associated lymphoreticular tissue in fish possesses the appropriate armamentarium to mount a type IV hypersensitivity response when challenged by microbial antigens

Cystitises in the equine species: pathogenetic causes, histomorphological aspects and analogies with the human species

Reports in literature of urinary bladder alterations in the equine species are few and far between Most excretory urinary tract inflammation pathologies are triggered by some sort of infection, although chemical and physical causes have also been evidenced, particularly in human medicine. Infrequent cases of phlogosis caused by toxins in the bloodstream (Cantharidin and Mycotoxin in the horse) have, however, been observed in veterinary medicine. The aim of this paper is to present a comparative study of equine cystitises and their analogies with the human species. To this end, the authors have examined 235 urine bladders taken from regularly slaughtered horsesReports in literature of urinary bladder alterations in the equine species are few and far between Most excretory urinary tract inflammation pathologies are triggered by some sort of infection, although chemical and physical causes have also been evidenced, particularly in human medicine. Infrequent cases of phlogosis caused by toxins in the bloodstream (Cantharidin and Mycotoxin in the horse) have, however, been observed in veterinary medicine. The aim of this paper is to present a comparative study of equine cystitises and their analogies with the human species. To this end, the authors have examined 235 urine bladders taken from regularly slaughtered horses

A phylogenetic comparison between acute monocytic leukemia cells and monocytes-macrophages in lower vertebrates

In humans, monocytes and macrophages (MO) play a central role in immune regulation, tissue maintenance and pathogen control. In lower vertebrates, a few studies have been conducted on MO like cells. In acute monocytic leukemia monocytic cells, as immature cells restrained in one of the phases of their ontogenesis, would offer the opportunity to rebuild an archaic condition helpful to understand the phylogenesis. Therefore, aim of this work was to characterize in the Rainbow trout (Salmo Gairdneri Richardson) MO and compare them with acute leukemia monocytic cells. In the trout, MO' s morphology is similar to that of mammals. In particular, MO possess an irregular embryoshaped nucleus occupying 2/3 of the cell, while the peripheral cytoplasmic profile is irregular with extroflexed plasmalemma and pseudopods. A morphological transition towards MO is featured by a wavy hyaline classical membrane and an irregular and extroflexed surface.In humans, monocytes and macrophages (MO) play a central role in immune regulation, tissue maintenance and pathogen control. In lower vertebrates, a few studies have been conducted on MO like cells. In acute monocytic leukemia monocytic cells, as immature cells restrained in one of the phases of their ontogenesis, would offer the opportunity to rebuild an archaic condition helpful to understand the phylogenesis. Therefore, aim of this work was to characterize in the Rainbow trout (Salmo Gairdneri Richardson) MO and compare them with acute leukemia monocytic cells.In the trout, MO' s morphology is similar to that of mammals. In particular, MO possess an irregular embryoshaped nucleus occupying 2/3 of the cell, while the peripheral cytoplasmic profile is irregular with extroflexed plasmalemma and pseudopods.A morphological transition towards MO is featured by a wavy hyaline classical membrane and an irregular and extroflexed surface

Acute kidney injury associated with infective endocarditis: hemoadsorption (Cytosorb (R) adsorber) in combination with CRRT as a valid therapeutic option. A case report

Patients with septic shock are at a remarkably higher riskfor developing severe vasoplegia and multiorgan failure. Case reportsand case series published recently demonstrated that CytoSorbÒtreat-ment in patients with septic shock results in improved hemodynamics,significant decrease in vasopressordose and effective removal of pro-inflammatory cytokines after 24 h of application [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. This casereport also highlights the potential effects of CytoSorbÒin controllingperioperative vasoplegia, likely modulating postoperative inflammatoryresponse and clinical outcome. In addition, the early use of the Cyto-SorbÒmay significantly reduce the need of postoperative renalreplacement therapy, favoring a rapid recovery of renal functio

Maturation of fish erythrocytes coincides with changes in their morphology, enhanced ability to interact with Candida albicans and release of cytokine-like factors active upon autologous macrophages

Erythrocytes from the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson (Salmo g.R.) were classified into immature and mature populations, respectively, by measuring longitudinal diameters. More elongated fish erythrocytes (FE), classified as mature cells, were those interacting with Candida albicans (CA) in a higher frequency in terms of either binding to the fungus or its intracellular engulfment. At the same time, in the rosetting phenomenon more elongated mature FE surrounded macrophages (Mcircle divide) phagocytosing CA. Finally, FE activated by CA released in the supernatants cytokine-like factors able to modulate Mcircle divide functions. In particular, these active supernatants were analyzed for their capacity to inhibit Mcircle divide migration Macrophage Inhibition Factor (MIF) activity and enhance Mcircle divide phagocytosis. Both activities were detected in supernatants from CA stimulated FE but not in control supernatants. MIF activity could play a role in the accumulation of Mcircle divide in the context of functional rosettes, while the factor enhancing Mcircle divide phagocytosis could promote clearance of CA in a more efficacious way