Identification of a newly described member of the tribe Erythroneurini as a potential vector of the Côte d'Ivoire lethal yellowing phytoplasma in coconut palms sole or in mixed infection with a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris'-related strain

Annex 3 of 48 for CIFSRF-IDRC/GAC Final technical reportManuscript draft includes cover letterThis work was carried out with the aid of a grant from Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC), and with financial support from the Government of Canada, provided through Global Affairs Canada (GAC)This is a transcription of research for a detailed article published by the journal “Crop Protection.” Results of the study indicate that mixed infection of two phytoplasmas is occurring in coconut palms affected by Côte d’Ivoire lethal yellowing (CILY) disease in Grand-Lahou, Côte d’Ivoire, which may impact disease management and control. Of Hemiptera insects, eight families were identified including Aphrophoridae, Achilidae, Derbidae, Flatidae, Membracidae, Pentatomidae, Tropiduchidae, and Cicadellidae, the latter being the most abundant throughout the surveyed villages. A newly identified cicadellid leafhopper Nedotepa curta Dmitriev is a potential vector for the CILY phytoplasma

Évaluation des dégâts de Analeptes trifasciata (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) sur les anacardiers dans les régions du Béré et de l’Iffou (Côte d’Ivoire)

Objectif : L’objectif de l’étude était d’évaluer les dégâts et de fournir une base de données relative à Analeptes trifasciata, ravageur de l’anacardierMéthodologie et résultats : Pour évaluer les dommages de Analeptes trifasciata, des prospections ont été menées dans des vergers d’anacarde des sous-préfectures de Bouandougou, Ouellé et Tiéningboué d’avril à mai 2015. Il ressort de ces prospections que les dégâts du Cerambycidae sont observés dans toutes les plantations visitées. Cet insecte occasionne d’importantes pertes de branches d’anacardiers allant de 1,20 ± 0,42 à 3,90 ± 1,20 avec des diamètres pouvant atteindre 16,60 ± 0,70 à 19,10 ± 0,87 cm. Le stade phénologique le plus sensible et attractif des anacardiers aux attaques du Cerambycidae est la floraison, coïncidant avec la fin de la saison des pluies. Les branches sectionnées par le ravageur sont éliminées par brûlage respectivement à 30%, 0% et 20% par les producteurs de Bouandougou, Ouellé et Tiéningboué.Conclusion et application : Il ressort de cette étude que Analeptes trifasciata cisaille les branches de l’anacardier à la floraison en début de saison sèche. On peut conseiller aux producteurs de toujours bruler les branches qu’ils entassent dans les plantations afin d’éliminer oeufs, larves et adultes du ravageur. Mais l’utilisation de la lutte mécanique consistant à tuer le ravageur à l’aide de machette ou d’une houe est aussi important et pour cela ils doivent parcourir quotidiennement les champs à la recherche du ravageur.Mots-clés : Anacarde, Analeptes trifasciata, Cerambycidae, dégâts, Côte d’Ivoir

Field schools and plant clinics : effective agricultural extension approaches to fight the coconut lethal yellowing disease and improve livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Grand-Lahou, Côte d’Ivoire

Annex 19 of 48 for CIFSRF-IDRC/GAC Final technical reportThis work was carried out with the aid of a grant from Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC), and with financial support from the Government of Canada, provided through Global Affairs Canada (GAC)Field schools and plant clinics are key extension tools to fight Côte d’Ivoire lethal yellowing disease (CILY) that severely impacts the livelihoods of thousands of smallholder farmers in Grand-lahou, Côte d’Ivoire. This paper describes the processes in establishing and organizing field schools, plant clinics, Women Coconut Fairs and Women Groups in CILY-affected villages of GrandLahou. Land acquisition is one of the main issues that affect women within the coconut value chain in Grand-Lahou: women are denied access and control over farmland, and work at their husband’s plantations

Restoration of fertility of gleyic fluvisols to increase rice yields using shellfish products in Toumbokro, Côte d'Ivoire

A study designed to characterize the effects of shellfish products on the chemical properties of fluvisols gleyic and yield of rice was carried out in Toumbokro, Yamoussoukro’s region, Côte d'Ivoire. The work has been focused on soil amendment by three types of shells (Achatina spp Donax spp and Ostrea spp). Three doses of shellfish products (500, 1000 and 1500 kg.ha- 1) and NPK fertilizer were tested in a split-plot design with three repetitions. At ground level, the study showed that the shellfish products have positive effects very marked on all the physical and chemical characteristics. The effects of these shellfish products on the richness of the soil occur gradually. The increase of pH, due to the products made, creates a condition favorable to microorganisms that become active and mineralize sufficient organic substances. The study indicates that shellfish products induce high levels of production of rice cultivation. The average of yield of the experiments carried out is set at 5.41 t.ha-1 in Toumbokro. These performances, never recorded in subsistence agriculture, are explained by the effective correction of mineral deficiencies unsuspected soil by the flow of shellfish products. All the variables studied define the contribution of 1000 kg.ha-1 shredded shells of Achatina spp, as the optimum for soil amendment

Characterization and Dynamics of Agrarian Structures in Bouna, Northeast of Côte d'Ivoire

In order to better reproduction of the information that is as close as possible to reality, we have established a procedure for analyzing images based on visual interpretation and digital processing. In digital processing, supervised classification by maximum likelihood, based on a fieldwork allowed to discriminate elements of land. Recovery of geometric shapes by scanning fallow and bare soil from panchromatic Spot image yielded the map of agrarian structures. Different queries and statistical operations performed were used to assess the areas of agrarian structures. The analysis of the dynamics of agrarian structures showed that the period 1986 - 2000 was marked by environmental degradation, while the period 2000 - 2004 has seen a regeneration of the natural environment. Treatments applied to images and ensuing results indicate the feasibility of monitoring by remote sensing of agricultural structures in northeastern area of Côte d'Ivoire. This research shows that the Geographic Information System is an effective tool for the evaluation of agrarian structures. However, manual scanning of elements in the environment requires careful attention to avoid skewing the results

Improvement Tests on the Germination in Lippia Multiflora: Influence of Some Factors Related to Soil on Germination and Seedling Development

Abstract Studies on the germination and growth of seedlings of Lippia multiflora were conducted on several types of substrates. They consisted of germination tests and monitoring of seedling growth. The results showed that the best germination rates were recorded with the batch of seeds germinated on substrates made of a mixture of soil and manure (S2 = 82.67% and S3 = 65.33%). After 60 days of culture, the most significant heights of the plants of Lippia multiflora were recorded in culture media S2 (7.48 cm) and S3 (5.46 cm), with an average number of leaves 7; 12 and 6, respectively for the circles S1, S2 and S3. The root elongation is more important in substrates S2 (6.3 cm) and S3 (4.74 cm). The Pearson correlation tests carried out indicate that the contribution of organic matter in the substrates improves seedling development in Lippia multiflora

Improvement Tests on the Germination in Lippia Multiflora: Influence of Some Factors Related to Soil on Germination and Seedling Development

Studies on the germination and growth of seedlings of Lippia multiflora were conducted on several types of substrates. They consisted of germination tests and monitoring of seedling growth. The results showed that the best germination rates were recorded with the batch of seeds germinated on substrates made of a mixture of soil and manure (S2 = 82.67% and S3 = 65.33%). After 60 days of culture, the most significant heights of the plants of Lippia multiflora were recorded in culture media S2 (7.48 cm) and S3 (5.46 cm), with an average number of leaves 7; 12 and 6, respectively for the circles S1, S2 and S3. The root elongation is more important in substrates S2 (6.3 cm) and S3 (4.74 cm). The Pearson correlation tests carried out indicate that the contribution of organic matter in the substrates improves seedling development in Lippia multiflora

Identification of Nedotepa curta Dmitriev as a potential vector of the C\uf4te d\u2019Ivoire lethal yellowing phytoplasma in coconut palms sole or in mixed infection with a \u2018Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris\u2019-related strain

Over 360 Hemiptera specimens were collected using sweep nets and hand-made aspirators from coconut palm fronds in six villages of Grand-Lahou. Eight families were identified including Aphrophoridae, Achilidae, Derbidae, Flatidae, Membracidae, Pentatomidae, Tropiduchidae, and Cicadellidae, the latter being the most abundant throughout the surveyed villages. PCR assays with primers targeting the 16S rRNA and the secA translocation protein genes yielded PCR amplicons from 216 out of 296 (73%) of the tested specimens of a newly identified cicadellid leafhopper, Nedotepa curta Dmitriev. PCR amplicons were purified, cloned and sequenced. The 16S rDNA and secA sequences from N. curta showed a 99% of sequence identity with those of the C\uf4te d\u2019Ivoire lethal yellowing (CILY) phytoplasma, member of subgroup 16SrXXII-B \u2018Candidatus Phytoplasma palmicola\u2019-related strain, previously identified in coconut-growing villages of Grand-Lahou. This suggested N. curta as a potential vector for the CILY phytoplasma. Four symptomatic coconut palms (7.4%) were found infected by a phytoplasma of group 16SrI, in mixed infection with the CILY phytoplasma (16SrXXII-B) in two palms, and alone in the other two palms, where the CILY phytoplasma was not detected. The 16SrI phytoplasma was also found in two N. curta specimens, and in the weeds Dalbergia saxatilis and Baphia nitida. Results indicating that mixed infection of both 16SrXXII-B and 16SrI phytoplasmas occurs in coconut palms affected by CILY in Grand-Lahou, and may impact disease management and control