Decomposition Analysis of Agricultural Growth: A Review of Measurement Issues

In developing country like India, agriculture even at the present times overwhelmingly important as it provides livelihood for the more than half of total work force and supplies food to the whole nation. Hence, agriculture growth performance has become a serious issue of concern for both academicians and policy makers as it is subject to various fluctuations. Since independence its sources of growth have been changing. For effective policy measures one need to understand what contributes to the agricultural growth. Many scholars have attempted to understand the key sources of agricultural growth through decomposition analysis. In the literature, two schemes of analysis is widely discussed one id additive scheme of decomposition and the other is multiplicative scheme of decomposition of agricultural growth. In this paper, an attempt has been made to systematically review the studies on decomposition analysis and changes and development in the decomposition analysis since the independence. From the literature it is observed that the sources of agricultural growth varied according to study undertaken. Finally, this paper provides the advantages and drawbacks of the decomposition analysis and makes some suggestions on the comprehensive measure of decomposition analysis.Agricultural Growth; Decomposition Analysis

The Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Employment: Evidence from India’s Manufacturing Sector

The Opening up of the economy brought in phenomenal changes in various dimensions of the economy. The growth performance of the Indian economy, though not spectacular, has been decent by the standards of developing countries after initiation of economic reforms. There has been a great debate in academia that the growth was not accompanied by an increase in employment growth. Stagnant growth in employment with impressive economic performance during last two decades is termed as “jobless growth”. Since the manufacturing employment has been subject to sweeping changes in the post reform period, this paper attempts to examine the possible impact of trade liberalisation on the growth of organised manufacturing employment at two digit levels by dividing industries into export oriented and import competing industries. Both the overall and manufacturing employment trends shows that there is a reduction in employment growth in the post- liberalisation period compare to the pre-liberalisation period. It is further found that deceleration of employment growth in the import competing industries is higher than export competing industries and that; trade liberalisation did not create any growth in employment through scale effect.Trade liberalisation; Manufacturing sector; Employment

Agricultural Growth Deceleration in India: A Review of Explanations

Since the inception of economic reforms, Indian economy has achieved a remarkable rate of growth. This fantabulous performance, to a large extent, was driven by service sector and improvements in the secondary sector. However, this growth process bypassed the agricultural sector, which showed sharp deceleration in the growth rate (3.62 percent during 1984/85 - 1995/96 to 1.97 percent in 1995/96 – 2004/05). Given the relevance of the sector for employment and rural development the declining trend in agricultural growth has emerged as a major concern for researchers and policymakers. A large number of studies have enquired into the growth process of agricultural sector and has criticised the neo-liberal policy regime for a general neglect of the sector. The sector has recorded wide variations in yield and productivity and there was a shift towards cash crop cultivations. Moreover, agricultural indebtedness pushed several farming households into poverty and some of them resorted to extreme measures like suicides. In this context, the present paper reviews the performance of the Indian agriculture since reforms and compares it with pre-reforms conditions. A systematic and critical review of literature is presented to comprehend the poor performance of Indian agriculture. The review focuses on the pattern and determinants (price and non-price) of agricultural growth and evaluates the influence of policy and environmental factors on its performance. This paper exclusively explains the following objectives. To explain the growth of agriculture in terms of area, yield and cropping pattern and findings that have taken place in the recent past. To understand the determinants that contributes to the changes in the sources of growth. To explore the influence of the policy factors and natural factors, which lead to changes in the growth of agriculture? The study identifies that, in the post reform period there has been an increase in prices of cash crops and the cropping pattern changes towards non-food grains have a significant effect on growth. The review also concludes that much of the slowdown in agriculture is caused due to other pertinent factors such as infrastructure, technology and environmental factors, lack of political commitment and poor implementation of policies.Q10

Adsorption assisted translocation of a chain molecule through a pore in a spherical vesicle

We analyze the free energy for translocation of a polymer from the outside of a spherical vesicle to the inside. The process is assumed to be driven by the adsorption of the polymer on the inner surface of the vesicle. We argue that in the case where the polymer is adsorbed on the outer surface too, the entropic barrier for translocation is absent. We analyze the adsorption energy and find the free energy profile for the process. We argue that the motion corresponds to a polymer crossing a region with a change in free energy per segment. Based upon our earlier analsis of the behaviour of kinks in such a problem, we conclude that the translocation can occur with a crossing time $t_{cross}\sim N$