Weight Status Underestimation among Canadian Adolescents: An Important and Frequently Overlooked Aspect of the Childhood Obesity Epidemic

Objectives: Overweight adolescents frequently fail to recognize that they are overweight. This project examines the magnitude of weight status underestimation among overweight adolescents and identifies predictors of this underestimation. Methods: Data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2001-2010) were used. Overweight adolescents (N=11,452) reporting they were underweight or about right were classified as underestimating their weight. The time trend in underestimation and effects of individual-level characteristics on underestimation were examined using logistic regression. Multilevel analysis examined the effect of weight status of community-based reference groups. Results: For every 5 overweight male adolescents, 3 underestimated their weight; 2 of 5 overweight females underestimated. Exposure to overweight explained some of the variation in underestimation across communities among females. Conclusions: Weight status underestimation is a significant problem among overweight adolescents. Understanding how adolescents perceive their weight is an important and novel concept in maximizing the effectiveness of current approaches to adolescent obesity

Altitude-Wind-Tunnel Investigation of the 19B-2, 19B-8 and 19XB-1 Jet- Propulsion Engines

Investigations were conducted in the Cleveland altitude wind tunnel to determine the performance and operational characteristics of the 19B-2, 19B-8, and 19XS-1 turbojet engines. One objective was to determine the effect of altitude, flight Mach number, and tail-pipe-nozzle area on the performance characteristics of the six-stage and ten-stage axial-flow compressors of the 19B-8 and 19XB-1 engines, respectively, The data were obtained over a range of simulated altitudes and flight Mach numbers. At each simulated flight condition the engine was run over its full operable range of speeds. Performance characteristics of the 19B-8 and 19XB-1 compressors for the range of operation obtainable in the turboJet-engine installation are presented. Compressor characteristics are presented as functions of air flow corrected to sea-level conditions, compressor Mach number, and compressor load coefficient. For the range of compressor operation investigated, changes in Reynolds number had no measurable effect on the relations among compressor Mach number, corrected air flow, compressor load coefficient, compressor pressure ratio, and compressor efficiency. The operating lines for the 19B-8 compressor lay on the low-air-flow side of the region of maximum compressor efficiency; the 19B-8 compressor operated at higher average pressure coefficients per stage and produced a lower over-all pressure ratio than did the 19XB-1 compressor

Altitude-Wind-Tunnel investigation of Westinghouse 19B-2, 19B-8, and 19XB-1 Jet-Propulsion Engines IV : analysis of compressor performance

Investigations were conducted in the NACA Cleveland altitude wind tunnel to determine the performance and operational characteristics of the 19B-2, 19B-6, and 19XB-1 Turbojet Engines. One objective of the investigations was to determine the effect of altitude, flight Mach number, and tail-pipe-nozzle area on the performance characteristics of the six-stage and ten-stage axial-flow compressors of the 19B-8 and 19XB-1 engines, respectively. The data were obtained over a range of simulated altitudes and flight Mach numbers. At each simulated flight condition the engine was run over its full operable range of speeds. Performance characteristics of the 19B-8 and 19XB-1 compressors for the range of operation obtainable in the turbojet-engine installation are presented. Compressor characteristics are presented as functions of air flow corrected to sea-level conditions, compressor Mach number, and compressor load coefficient

Investigation of the optimal load-bearing characteristics of patellar tendon bearing (PTB) prostheses

The long term goal of the research team is to automate the construction of the lower limb prostheses using Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) techniques

Intersecting race and gender stereotypes:Implications for group-level attitudes

Two studies examined the relationship between explicit stereotyping and prejudice by investigating how stereotyping of minority men and women may be differentially related to prejudice. Based on research and theory related to the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008), we hypothesized that stereotyping of minority men would be more strongly related to prejudice than stereotyping of minority women. Supporting our hypothesis, in both the United Kingdom (Study 1) and the United States (Study 2), when stereotyping of Black men and women were entered into the same regression model, only stereotyping of Black men predicted prejudice. Results were inconsistent in regard to South Asians and East Asians. Results are discussed in terms of the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008) and the gendered nature of the relationship between stereotyping and attitudes

Life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy are decreased in people living with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based matched cohort study

Introduction Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Significant improvements in treatments for IBD have occurred in the past two decades. However, the benefits of new treatments on mortality is uncertain and no prior study has evaluated the life expectancy (LE) of patients with IBD. Objectives and Approach We determined trends in the LE and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) in IBD. The Ontario Crohn’s and Colitis Cohort includes all patients in Ontario with IBD, identified from health administrative data using a previously validated algorithm. Cases were matched to five controls based on age, sex, rural/urban, and mean neighbourhood income quintile. Period life tables were used to calculate LE on July 1, 1996, 2000, and 2008. The Canadian National Population Health Survey (1996/97) and Canadian Community Health Survey (Cycles 1.1 and 2009/10) were used to estimate health utility index (HUI3). HALE was estimated using HUI3-weighted disability-free years lived. Results LE increased from 75.5 years (y) in 1996 to 78.0y in 2008 among women with IBD (∆2.5y, 95%CI 0.8 to 4.1) and from 72.2y in 1996 to 75.1y in 2008 among men with IBD (∆2.9y, 95%CI 1.8 to 4.0). HALE decreased among men with IBD (∆3.9y, 95%CI 1.2 to 6.6; 1996: 67.0y; 2008: 63.1y) but was stable among women with IBD (∆2.0y, 95%CI -1.6 to 5.7; 1996: 62.3y; 2008: 64.3y) and female controls (∆-0.4y, 95%CI -2.3 to 1.5; 1996: 74.3y; 2008: 73.9y) and male controls (∆0.2y, 95%CI -1.7 to 2.2; 1996: 69.6y; 2008: 69.8y). LE and HALE in both men and women with IBD were significantly decreased compared to controls (LE: women ∆6-8y, men ∆5y; HALE: women ∆10-14y, men ∆3-7y). Conclusion/Implications Although patients with IBD experienced increases in LE at a pace similar to those without IBD, the gap in LE between cases and controls remains significant. Increases in LE have not been accompanied by increases in HALE. Treatments that increase both LE and HALE in patients with IBD are needed

Interaction Between NOD2 and Smoking in the Pathogenesis of Crohn's Disease.

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Variation in Access to Specialist Care and Risk of Surgery in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Introduction Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; subtypes: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)) is a chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract with rising prevalence among people ≥65y. Rural residents, especially those ≥65y, have decreased access to specialist care. Specialist care is associated with lower risk of hospitalization and surgery. Objectives and Approach We evaluated variation across physician networks in access to specialist care and surgery among incident patients ≥65y in Ontario health administrative data. Access to specialist care was defined as: ≥1 outpatient visit to gastroenterologists or the majority of IBD-specific outpatient care by gastroenterologists. Variation was assessed with multilevel logistic regression and median odds ratios (MOR), adjusting for age, sex, distance from IBD physician, comorbidities, neighbourhood income, and rural/urban. Models evaluating surgical risk also adjusted for specialist care use, emergency department visits, and hospitalization at diagnosis. Network-level variables included rurality (RIO score), population colonoscopy and gastroenterologist supply. Results There was significant variation in having ≥1 gastroenterologist visit (CD p=0.0001, MOR 3.3; UC p<0.0001, MOR 3.1) and gastroenterologist providing the majority of care (CD p=0.0001, MOR 3.0; UC p<0.0001, MOR 3.7) within 12 months of diagnosis. Variation remained significant after accounting for network-level characteristics (≥1 gastroenterologist visit: CD p=0.0002, MOR 2.6, UC p<0.0001, MOR 2.2; majority of care: CD p=0.0002, MOR 2.4; UC p<0.0001, MOR 2.4). In CD, there was no variation in the five-year risk of surgery (p=0.07, MOR 1.3) and was unchanged by network-level factors (p=0.13, MOR 1.3). Variation in the risk of colectomy exists for patients with UC (p=0.016, MOR 1.3) and was not reduced when accounting for network-level characteristics (p=0.019, MOR 1.3). Conclusion/Implications Access to specialist care among patients with elderly-onset IBD is varies greatly between networks but this variation cannot be explained by differing provision of gastroenterological services across physician networks. Further research is needed to understand the factors that influence access to care and outcomes in elderly patients with IBD