Antiplatelet and anticoagulation agents in acute coronary syndromes: What is the current status and what does the future hold?

Mortality and morbidity in acute coronary syndromes (ACSs), caused principally by plaque erosion or rupture leading to thrombus formation and myocardial ischemia, have been reduced by a combination of antithrombotic agents (antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants) and early revascularization. Aspirin is the foundation antiplatelet agent. New P2Y(12) receptor inhibitors (prasugrel and ticagrelor) have clear benefits compared with clopidogrel for dual antiplatelet therapy, and cangrelor or vorapaxar, a thrombin receptor inhibitor, may be of value in specific settings. Anticoagulation uses 1 of 4 choices: bivalirudin, unfractionated heparin, enoxaparin, and fondaparinux. Moreover, some patients (such as those who have chronic atrial fibrillation) require triple therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel, plus an anticoagulant, frequently a vitamin K antagonist. New oral anticoagulants have been shown to be at least as effective as vitamin K antagonists in atrial fibrillation and led to fewer bleeding complications. Finally, the combination of aspirin, clopidogrel, and low-dose rivaroxaban has recently been approved by the European Medicines Agency (but not the Food and Drug Administration) for secondary prevention after ACS. Several strategies have been developed to balance the potential benefit of antithrombotic therapy against the risk of bleeding complications, for example, radial access in coronary angiography or restricted use of combination therapy, and others are under investigation, such as discontinuation of aspirin. This overview summarizes the current status of antithrombotic therapy in ACS and describes strategies currently explored to optimize its benefit/risk ratio

2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease

ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG): Jose Luis Zamorano (Chairperson) (Spain), Stephan Achenbach (Germany), Helmut Baumgartner (Germany), Jeroen J. Bax (Netherlands), He ' ctor Bueno (Spain), Veronica Dean (France), Christi Deaton (UK), Cetin Erol (Turkey), Robert Fagard (Belgium), Roberto Ferrari (Italy), David Hasdai (Israel), ArnoW. Hoes (Netherlands), Paulus Kirchhof (Germany/UK), JuhaniKnuuti (Finland), PhilippeKolh (Belgium), Patrizio Lancellotti (Belgium), Ales Linhart (CzechRepublic), Petros Nihoyannopoulos (UK), Massimo F. Piepoli (Italy), Piotr Ponikowski (Poland), Per Anton Sirnes (Norway), Juan Luis Tamargo (Spain), Michal Tendera (Poland), AdamTorbicki (Poland), WilliamWijns (Belgium), StephanWindecker (Switzerland). Document Reviewers: Juhani Knuuti (CPG Review Coordinator) (Finland), Marco Valgimigli (Review Coordinator) (Italy), Hector Bueno (Spain), Marc J. Claeys (Belgium), Norbert Donner-Banzhoff (Germany), Cetin Erol (Turkey), Herbert Frank (Austria), Christian Funck-Brentano (France), Oliver Gaemperli (Switzerland), JoseR. Gonzalez-Juanatey (Spain), Michalis Hamilos (Greece), David Hasdai (Israel), Steen Husted (Denmark), Stefan K. James (Sweden), Kari Kervinen (Finland), Philippe Kolh (Belgium), St