255 research outputs found
The Lost Voice of Criticism
Part of an address during the dedication of the Ernest S. Bird Library at Syracuse University, Hilton Kramer describes the bleak state of literary criticism in the early 1970s. He also relates his experiences under the tutelage of Professor Leonard Brown, who taught literary crticism
Wood-Based Carbon Storage in the Mackenzie River Delta: The World\u27s Largest Mapped Riverine Wood Deposit
The Mackenzie River Delta (MRD) has been recognized as an important host of river-derived wood deposits, and Mackenzie River wood has been found across the Arctic Ocean. Nevertheless, we lack estimates of the amount of carbon stored as wood and its age in the delta, representing a gap in carbon cycle estimates. Here, we use very high-resolution satellite imagery and deep learning to map wood deposits in the MRD, combining this with field data to measure the stock and age of wood-based carbon. We find \u3e400,000 individual large wood deposits, collectively storing 3.1 Ă 1012 g-C, equating to 2 Ă 106 g-C haâ1 across the delta. Sampled wood pieces date from 690 AD to 2015 AD but are mostly young with âŒ40% of the wood samples formed after 1955 AD. These estimates represent a minimum bound on an important surficial, potentially reactive, carbon pool compared to other deeper carbon stocks in permafrost zones
The presence of prolines in the flanking region of an immunodominant HIV-2 gag epitope influences the quality and quantity of the epitope generated
Both the recognition of HIVâinfected cells and the immunogenicity of candidate CTL vaccines depend on the presentation of a peptide epitope at the cell surface, which in turn depends on intracellular antigen processing. Differential antigen processing maybe responsible for the differences in both the quality and the quantity of epitopes produced, influencing the immunodominance hierarchy of viral epitopes. Previously, we showed that the magnitude of the HIVâ2 gagâspecific Tâcell response is inversely correlated with plasma viral load, particularly when responses are directed against an epitope, 165DRFYKSLRA173, within the highly conserved Major Homology Region of gagâp26. We also showed that the presence of three proline residues, at positions 119, 159 and 178 of gagâp26, was significantly correlated with low viral load. Since this proline motif was also associated with stronger gagâspecific CTL responses, we investigated the impact of these prolines on proteasomal processing of the protective 165DRFYKSLRA173 epitope. Our data demonstrate that the 165DRFYKSLRA173 epitope is most efficiently processed from precursors that contain two flanking proline residues, found naturally in low viralâload patients. Superior antigen processing and enhanced presentation may account for the link between infection with HIVâ2 encoding the âPPPâgagâ sequence and both strong gagâspecific CTL responses as well as lower viral load
The presence of prolines in the flanking region of an immunodominant HIV-2 gag epitope influences the quality and quantity of the epitope generated
Both the recognition of HIVâinfected cells and the immunogenicity of candidate CTL vaccines depend on the presentation of a peptide epitope at the cell surface, which in turn depends on intracellular antigen processing. Differential antigen processing maybe responsible for the differences in both the quality and the quantity of epitopes produced, influencing the immunodominance hierarchy of viral epitopes. Previously, we showed that the magnitude of the HIVâ2 gagâspecific Tâcell response is inversely correlated with plasma viral load, particularly when responses are directed against an epitope, 165DRFYKSLRA173, within the highly conserved Major Homology Region of gagâp26. We also showed that the presence of three proline residues, at positions 119, 159 and 178 of gagâp26, was significantly correlated with low viral load. Since this proline motif was also associated with stronger gagâspecific CTL responses, we investigated the impact of these prolines on proteasomal processing of the protective 165DRFYKSLRA173 epitope. Our data demonstrate that the 165DRFYKSLRA173 epitope is most efficiently processed from precursors that contain two flanking proline residues, found naturally in low viralâload patients. Superior antigen processing and enhanced presentation may account for the link between infection with HIVâ2 encoding the âPPPâgagâ sequence and both strong gagâspecific CTL responses as well as lower viral load
Aspects of leaf anatomy of kudzu (Pueraria lobata, Leguminosae-Faboideae) related to water and energy balance
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