Boligpiloter tilpasset beboere med alvorlig rus- og psykisk (ROP) lidelse. Funksjons- og ytelsesbeskrivelser for tre beboerprofiler

Rapporten presenterer funksjons- og ytelsesbeskrivelser for tre pilotboliger tilpasset tre beboerprofiler med alvorlig rus og psykiske lidelser (ROP) som vil stå ferdigstilt i Karmøy kommune høsten 2024. Forskningsprosjektet har som formål å utvikle bedre tilpassede boligtilbud til beboere med alvorlig ROP med fokus på tilpasning av fysiske boligelementer. Brukermedvirkning med beboere, kommunalt ansatte og bruker- og pårørende organisasjoner har dannet kunnskapsgrunnlaget for tilpasninger av arkitektur, materialer, boligteknologi og brannsikkerhetsløsninger til brukergruppenes behov. Funksjons- og ytelsesbeskrivelsene har etter ønske fra prosjektets deltakerkommuner blitt tilpasset mannlige beboere med bakgrunn i at menn statistisk sett utgjør majoriteten innen kategorien beboere med alvorlig ROP. Ved å tilpasse ytelsesbeskrivelser til tre ulike boligprofilers behov har prosjektet søkt å etterkomme føringer om mer individuelle tilpasning og tilrettelegging for medvirkning i boligutviklingen, som påpekt i nasjonal strategi for den sosiale boligpolitikken (2021-2024) . Videre har det vært viktig å legge til rette for ombruk av boligene. Kommunene har behov for flere boliger tilpasset beboere med alvorlig ROP, men også for bedre utnyttelse av den kommunale boligmassen. For å ivareta hensynet til ombruk har prosjektet utviklet fleksible og skalerbare boligkonsepter. Boligenes arkitektur er fleksibel når det gjelder plassering av bolig på tomten og størrelse, og det er tilrettelagt for implementering av alternative boligtekniske- og brannsikkerhetsløsninger slik at boligene effektivt kan tilpasses andre brukergrupper.Boligpiloter tilpasset beboere med alvorlig rus- og psykisk (ROP) lidelse. Funksjons- og ytelsesbeskrivelser for tre beboerprofilerpublishedVersio

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Extinguishing Effectiveness of Inert-Gas Agents in a Leaky Enclosure

Gas-fire-suppression systems are currently applied to some specific buildings in Norway, as sprinkler systems may not provide sufficient protection in some cases. The application of inert-gas-fire-suppression systems for hazard class 6 buildings needs further intensive validation by experimental and numerical study. Due to the presence of cracks and ventilation systems, it becomes doubtful whether inert-gas agents can extinguish a deep-seated fire located in a leaky enclosure. In this study, tests and numerical simulations were both conducted to investigate the extinguishing effectiveness of inert-gas agents for a closet fire in a leaky apartment. The results show that the location of cracks plays a nonnegligible role in determining the oxygen level in the leaky apartment. The tests and simulations demonstrated that the gas-fire-suppression system successfully extinguished the closet fire even if the activation of the gas-fire-suppression system was postponed or the path available for the inert-gas agent to reach the fire source was narrowed. However, the sprinkler system failed to achieve this. The experimental data also demonstrated that the calculation method proposed in our previous work can be used to estimate the oxygen level in a leaky enclosure

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Extinguishing Effectiveness of Inert-Gas Agents in a Leaky Enclosure

Gas-fire-suppression systems are currently applied to some specific buildings in Norway, as sprinkler systems may not provide sufficient protection in some cases. The application of inert-gas-fire-suppression systems for hazard class 6 buildings needs further intensive validation by experimental and numerical study. Due to the presence of cracks and ventilation systems, it becomes doubtful whether inert-gas agents can extinguish a deep-seated fire located in a leaky enclosure. In this study, tests and numerical simulations were both conducted to investigate the extinguishing effectiveness of inert-gas agents for a closet fire in a leaky apartment. The results show that the location of cracks plays a nonnegligible role in determining the oxygen level in the leaky apartment. The tests and simulations demonstrated that the gas-fire-suppression system successfully extinguished the closet fire even if the activation of the gas-fire-suppression system was postponed or the path available for the inert-gas agent to reach the fire source was narrowed. However, the sprinkler system failed to achieve this. The experimental data also demonstrated that the calculation method proposed in our previous work can be used to estimate the oxygen level in a leaky enclosure

Numerical Investigation of the Required Quantity of Inert Gas Agents in Fire Suppression Systems

Inert gas agents have the potential to be widely used in fire suppression systems due to health and safety concerns associated with active chemicals. To suppress fire while minimizing hypoxic effects in an occupied area, the discharge quantity of inert gas agents should be carefully designed to dilute the oxygen concentration to a specific threshold level. In this study, the general expressions between oxygen concentration, the discharge rate of inert gas agents, and the ventilation rate of the air-agent mixture are derived first. Then, explicit formulas to calculate the discharge/ventilation rate and the required quantity of inert gas agents are given if the discharge rate and ventilation rate both are constants. To investigate the dilution and fire extinguishing efficiencies of inert gas agents, two scenarios with a discharge of inert gas agents into an enclosure are modeled using the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS). The simulation results show that the average oxygen mass fraction approximately reaches the design level at the end of the discharge period. Variation in oxygen concentration along the enclosure height is analyzed. For the scenario with a fire source, oxygen mass fraction decreases fast as oxygen is consumed by the combustion process. Thus, the fire is extinguished a little earlier than the end of the discharge period

Numerical Investigation of the Required Quantity of Inert Gas Agents in Fire Suppression Systems

Inert gas agents have the potential to be widely used in fire suppression systems due to health and safety concerns associated with active chemicals. To suppress fire while minimizing hypoxic effects in an occupied area, the discharge quantity of inert gas agents should be carefully designed to dilute the oxygen concentration to a specific threshold level. In this study, the general expressions between oxygen concentration, the discharge rate of inert gas agents, and the ventilation rate of the air-agent mixture are derived first. Then, explicit formulas to calculate the discharge/ventilation rate and the required quantity of inert gas agents are given if the discharge rate and ventilation rate both are constants. To investigate the dilution and fire extinguishing efficiencies of inert gas agents, two scenarios with a discharge of inert gas agents into an enclosure are modeled using the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS). The simulation results show that the average oxygen mass fraction approximately reaches the design level at the end of the discharge period. Variation in oxygen concentration along the enclosure height is analyzed. For the scenario with a fire source, oxygen mass fraction decreases fast as oxygen is consumed by the combustion process. Thus, the fire is extinguished a little earlier than the end of the discharge period

Tunnel Fire Dynamics as a Function of Longitudinal Ventilation Air Oxygen Content

Longitudinal ambient air ventilation is the most common methodology for maintaining an amicable environment in tunnels during normal operations while providing an evacuation path during tunnel fire emergencies. The present work investigates the influence of forced ventilation air oxygen concentrations on tunnel fire dynamics. Mixing inert gasses such as nitrogen, argon, or carbon dioxide with ambient air changes the ventilation air oxygen concentration. In order to quantify the influence of the oxygen content on the critical tunnel safety parameters, multiple computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were done on a reduced-size tunnel while preserving the system Froude number. Analytical expressions were developed to describe the importance of oxygen content on the tunnel fire dynamics. By employing Froude scaling, the resulting relations were extrapolated to real scale tunnels. For the ambient air ventilation, the extrapolated expressions displayed good agreement with experimental literature data. By adjusting the oxygen concentration, parameters such as maximum tunnel ceiling temperature, fire growth rate, maximum heat flux to the tunnel floor, maximum flux on the tunnel ceiling, and maximum heat release rate can be controlled. This is the case also for oxygen levels where people can survive. This may increase the possibility for evacuation and improve the conditions for firefighting, significantly improving tunnel fire safety

Small Scale Hydrocarbon Fire Test Concept

In the oil and gas industry, hydrocarbon process equipment was previously often thermally insulated by applying insulation directly to the metal surface. Fire protective insulation was applied outside the thermal insulation. In some cases, severe corrosion attacks were observed due to ingress of humidity and condensation at cold surfaces. Introducing a 25 mm air gap to prevent wet thermal insulation and metal wall contact is expected to solve the corrosion issues. This improved insulation methodology does, however, require more space that may not be available when refurbishing older process plants. Relocating structural elements would introduce much hot work, which should be minimized in live plants. It is also costly. The aim of the present study is therefore to develop a test concept for testing fire resistance of equipment protected with only air-gap and thermal insulation, i.e., without the fire-protective insulation. The present work demonstrates a conceptual methodology for small scale fire testing of mockups resembling a section of a distillation column. The mockups were exposed to a small-scale propane flame in a test configuration where the flow rate and the flame zone were optimized to give heat flux levels in the range 250–350 kW/m2. Results are presented for a mockup resembling a 16 mm thick distillation column steel wall. It is demonstrated that the modern distance insulation in combination with the heat capacity of the column wall indicates 30+ minutes fire resistance. The results show that this methodology has great potentials for low cost fire testing of other configurations, and it may serve as a set-up for product developmen

Small Scale Hydrocarbon Fire Test Concept

In the oil and gas industry, hydrocarbon process equipment was previously often thermally insulated by applying insulation directly to the metal surface. Fire protective insulation was applied outside the thermal insulation. In some cases, severe corrosion attacks were observed due to ingress of humidity and condensation at cold surfaces. Introducing a 25 mm air gap to prevent wet thermal insulation and metal wall contact is expected to solve the corrosion issues. This improved insulation methodology does, however, require more space that may not be available when refurbishing older process plants. Relocating structural elements would introduce much hot work, which should be minimized in live plants. It is also costly. The aim of the present study is therefore to develop a test concept for testing fire resistance of equipment protected with only air-gap and thermal insulation, i.e., without the fire-protective insulation. The present work demonstrates a conceptual methodology for small scale fire testing of mockups resembling a section of a distillation column. The mockups were exposed to a small-scale propane flame in a test configuration where the flow rate and the flame zone were optimized to give heat flux levels in the range 250–350 kW/m2. Results are presented for a mockup resembling a 16 mm thick distillation column steel wall. It is demonstrated that the modern distance insulation in combination with the heat capacity of the column wall indicates 30+ minutes fire resistance. The results show that this methodology has great potentials for low cost fire testing of other configurations, and it may serve as a set-up for product developmen

Boligpiloter tilpasset beboere med alvorlig rus- og psykisk (ROP) lidelse. Funksjons- og ytelsesbeskrivelser for tre beboerprofiler. Rapport 3023 NORCE Helse og samfunn, NORCE

Rapporten presenterer funksjons- og ytelsesbeskrivelser for tre pilotboliger tilpasset tre beboerprofiler med alvorlig rus og psykiske lidelser (ROP) som vil stå ferdigstilt i Karmøy kommune høsten 2024. Forskningsprosjektet har som formål å utvikle bedre tilpassede boligtilbud til beboere med alvorlig ROP med fokus på tilpasning av fysiske boligelementer. Brukermedvirkning med beboere, kommunalt ansatte og bruker- og pårørende organisasjoner har dannet kunnskapsgrunnlaget for tilpasninger av arkitektur, materialer, boligteknologi og brannsikkerhetsløsninger til brukergruppenes behov. Funksjons- og ytelsesbeskrivelsene har etter ønske fra prosjektets deltakerkommuner blitt tilpasset mannlige beboere med bakgrunn i at menn statistisk sett utgjør majoriteten innen kategorien beboere med alvorlig ROP. Ved å tilpasse ytelsesbeskrivelser til tre ulike boligprofilers behov har prosjektet søkt å etterkomme føringer om mer individuelle tilpasning og tilrettelegging for medvirkning i boligutviklingen, som påpekt i nasjonal strategi for den sosiale boligpolitikken (2021-2024) . Videre har det vært viktig å legge til rette for ombruk av boligene. Kommunene har behov for flere boliger tilpasset beboere med alvorlig ROP, men også for bedre utnyttelse av den kommunale boligmassen. For å ivareta hensynet til ombruk har prosjektet utviklet fleksible og skalerbare boligkonsepter. Boligenes arkitektur er fleksibel når det gjelder plassering av bolig på tomten og størrelse, og det er tilrettelagt for implementering av alternative boligtekniske- og brannsikkerhetsløsninger slik at boligene effektivt kan tilpasses andre brukergrupper.publishedVersio