Monitoring the Thermal Activity of Kamchatkan Volcanoes during 2015–2022 Using Remote Sensing

The powerful explosive eruptions with large volumes of volcanic ash pose a great danger to the population and jet aircraft. Global experience in monitoring volcanoes and observing changes in the parameters of their thermal anomalies is successfully used to analyze the activity of volcanoes and predict their danger to the population. The Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, with its 30 active volcanoes, is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. The article considers the thermal activity in 2015–2022 of the Klyuchevskoy, Sheveluch, Bezymianny, and Karymsky volcanoes, whose rock composition varies from basaltic andesite to dacite. This study is based on the analysis of the Value of Temperature Difference between the thermal Anomaly and the Background (the VTDAB), obtained by manual processing of the AVHRR, MODIS, VIIRS, and MSU-MR satellite data in the VolSatView information system. Based on the VTDAB data, the following “background activity of the volcanoes” was determined: 20 °C for Sheveluch and Bezymianny, 12 °C for Klyuchevskoy, and 13–15 °C for Karymsky. This study showed that the highest temperature of the thermal anomaly corresponds to the juvenile magmatic material that arrived on the earth’s surface. The highest VTDAB is different for each volcano; it depends on the composition of the eruptive products produced by the volcano and on the character of an eruption. A joint analysis of the dynamics of the eruption of each volcano and changes in its thermal activity made it possible to determine the range of the VTDAB for different phases of a volcanic eruption

Information Technologies for the Analyzing of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands Volcanoes Activity in 2019-2020

The work is devoted to the activity analysis of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands volcanoes in 2019-2020.The activity of the volcanoes was estimated based on the processing of data from daily satellite monitoring carried out using the information system “Remote monitoring of Kamchatkan and the Kuriles volcanoes activity (VolSatView)”. The activity of the Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands volcanoes considered based on the analysis of their thermal anomalies. Analysis of the characteristics of thermal anomalies over volcanoes was carried out in KVERT IS. Analysis of the temperature of thermal anomalies of volcanoes in the Kuril - Kamchatka region in 2019-2020 shows a significantly higher activity of the Kamchatka volcanoes in comparison with the Kuril volcanoes

Oil shale of the Middle Volga region: Composition, structure, energy properties

The article presents the results of the Volga oil shale study in the territory of Tatarstan and the Ulyanovsk region. It is shown that shales are polymineral rocks of complex composition. The main valuable component is organic matter (kerogen), formed from the products of aquabionts fossilization. Ash components are represented by clay minerals, clastic fragments of mineral grains, calcareous fragments of organic residues, and diagenetic pyrite. Organic matter has a complex structure. The predominant fractions are light and medium hydrocarbons boiling out in the temperature range 150-560°C. In smaller amounts, heavy fractions are present, which are released at temperatures of 560-620°C. The heat capacitance of oil shale ranges from 1607 to 9052 J/g. Loss of shale mass can range from 18.0 to 25.0% of the original sample. According to the summary valuable and genetic indicators, the Volga oil shale belongs to the humus-sapropel type; low-calorie in heat of combustion terms; polysulphide in terms of sulfur content; aluminosilicate-carbonate in terms of the prevalence of oxides in ash

Hydrogeological systems of landslides in central part of the Volga-Ural region

© 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. The study of landslide massifs made it possible to identify two types of hydrogeological systems that differ by feeding area structure and transit zone. In landslide bodies of Urzhuminan stage, composed by dolomites and marls, hydrogeological systems are simple stratal. The aquifers are localized in fractured marls, which, under the influence of infiltration water seeping through them, have turned into a poorly structured gruss-rock cover, which lies on dense dolomites - water-resistant. The inclined bedding of dolomite layers creates the prerequisites for directed filtration of groundwater towards natural lowering. Here forming areas of ground water discharge as low-water springs. In landslides composed of the Upper Jurassic series clays and marls, hydrogeological systems are distinguished by the prevailing vertical groundwater infiltration in transit zone. Theirs's water source is shallow lakes formed on the surfaces of landslide terraces. Under water pressure influence of in the lake basins and gravity, infiltration groundwaters leaking through the systems of cracks in clays penetrate to a more dense clay layers which are fluid trap. Here, directly under the lake basin, a dome of groundwater is formed. The flow of groundwater from the dome towards inclined depressions leads to creation of unloading areas. They are presented by permanently wet land (flarks) or low-water infiltration springs that come to the surface at the same hypsometric level

Influence of technological parameters of the Volga oil shale on the efficiency of heat release during combustion

Volga oil shale in the Middle Volga region is a promising energy raw material for regional factories. Their heat of combustion varies from 1.6 to 9.0 MJ/kg, averaging 4.2-4.5 MJ/kg. The low calorific value of the fuel can be compensated by the proximity of the consumption sources and the cheapness of supplies. Oil shale is a high-ash energy feedstock with high sulfur content. The share of the organic component (kerogen) is 15-25%. During the combustion of oil shale, kerogen undergoes a multistage transformation due to the reactions of organic molecules hydrogenization. Experimental modeling has shown that the heat of combustion of the Volga oil shale is determined not only by their composition, but also by the organization of the combustion process. When burning lump shale, the heat release from rocks is 15-20% less than similar fuel in the form of fine dust. When using the technology of coal-water combustion (in the form of suspensions), the heat release of rocks is reduced in comparison with the combustion of dry finely dispersed oil shale by 10%. Although it remains higher, compared to the heat release during combustion of lump oil shale using boiling bed technology

Manifestation of infiltration-metasomatic processes in the Kazanian stage sediments of the Lobach Mountain in Tatarstan

© 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. For the first time in the Kazanian stage evaporate sediments of the Kama-Ustyinsky structure, metasomatites were identified confined to bituminous accumulations zones. metasomatites develops in microgranular sedimentary-diagenetic dolomites. The main dense core of metasotatic bodies is composed of marble-like calcite, along periphery of which there is ferriferous goethite-hydrogetite edge. Numerous calcite veins extend from carbonate core to sides, their thickness decreases with distance from metasotatic bodies. In the zone of metasomatites development, processes of gypsum lenses recrystallization and siliceous nodules dissolution, originally found in micrograin dolomites, are observed. The small size siliceous nodules are completely leached and replaced by calcite aggregates. Larger flints partially pass into translucent chalcedony and aggregates, consisting of large quartz crystals - clear rock crystal. The formation of metasomatites is due to aggressive hydrocarbon-containing fluids introduction into the rocks, as indicated by their spatial confinement to bituminous accumulations

Sedimentary-diagenetic ore formation in the Jurassic system terrigenous deposits of the Tatarstan Republic

© 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. Authigenic ore mineralization of the Jurassic terrigenous complexes rocks, widespread in the Tatarstan, is considered. It has been established that the ore minerals associations' composition is determined by geochemical conditions of mineral formation environment. In rocks of oxide geochemical facies (sandstones, siltstones), iron, manganese and titanium oxides predominate. Pyrite framboids and copper-nickel intermetallide compounds predominate in rocks of neutral geochemical facies (green clays). The rocks of anoxic geochemical facies (black clay, oil shale) contain only pyrite framboids. The main factor determining the authigenic ore minerals associations composition is redox potential of environment

Determination of the Bearing Capacity of Piles Using the Cone Penetration Test

© 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. The article is devoted to the problem of discrepancy between the data of bearing capacity of piles, determined by the data of cone penetration tests (CPT) and static tests. An example of this discrepancy is shown for one of the construction sites of the Kazan city. The reason of discrepancy for the investigated area is revealed and the method of solving the problem by creating a new correlation table for alluvial Sands, which are often the basis of piles in the city of Kazan, is proposed