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Not AvailableIn this paper, we describe the synthesis of novel class of pseudo-peptides derived by coupling an amino acid with a heterocyclic moiety containing free amine group using suitable coupling agents. The synthesized compounds were characterized using spectral ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and MS) techniques. Preliminary pharmacological assays for Leptospirosis were studied by test tube dilution (TDT) and micro dilution technique (MDT). In particular, all the analyses led to the conclusion that the synthesized compound inhibiting the Leptospira a causal organism of Leptospirosis.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableKyasanur Forest Disease was ϐirst evolved in the Kyasanur forest, Karnataka. The transmission of the virus has occurred from the monkey to the human by the tick vector. On the early day of viral spread, the disease was restricted to the surrounded region of Kyasanur forest, Shimoga district. But in the present days, the disease has been spreading to neighboring districts and states as well. So, this study involves estimation of codon bias among the gene C, gene E, gene prM, and gene NS5 of the KFD virus and rate of evolution with phylogenetic analysis. The codon usage analysis has revealed the moderate codon bias among all the selected genes and the role of mutation pressure in genesC and E and natural selection in genes- prM and NS5. Also, the tMRCA age was 1942, 1982, 1975, and 1931 of genes- C, E, prM, and NS5, respectively, of the KFD virus. The integrated analysis of codon usage bias and evolutionary rate analysis signiϐies that both mutational pressure and natural selection among the selected genes of the KFD virusNot Availabl

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Not AvailableThe harmful impact of mercury on biological systems is of great concern. Regardless of the efforts made by the regulating agencies, a decrease in Hg2+ concentration has not been realized, and hence mercury accumulation in the environment remains of utmost concern. Designing novel and efficient probes for recognition and detection of toxic metals in environmental samples has been of primary importance. Among the available techniques, probe designs involving the study of spectral properties has been preferred because of its obvious ease of instrumentation. Furthermore, occurrence of significant changes in the visible portion of electronic spectra enables detection by the naked eye, thereby endorsing the preference for development of probes with off-on binary responses to aid in the in-field sample analysis. The prominence is further streamlined to the use of fluorescence to help characterize on-response the cellular detection of Hg2+ with ease. In order to overcome the problem of developing efficient probes or sensors bearing fluorescence on-response mechanism that can work effectively in physiological conditions, various methodologies, such as chemo-dosimetric reaction mechanisms for the designing of new luminescent ligands, are being adopted. Additionally, modified charge transfer processes are also being considered for optical detection of the mercury (II) ion. In this review, all such possible techniques have been discussed in detail.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableBackground and Aim:Two endemic capripox infectious diseases, sheeppox (SP) and goatpox (GP) are common in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Sheep and goats, in general, are considered current assets of small and marginal farmers and have significant economic value in terms of meat, wool, and skin/hide production. Sheep and goat populations in India total 148.88 million and 74.26 million, respectively. Capripox caused US$2.3 million (Indian Rupee [INR] 105 million) in economic damages in Maharashtra (India) alone, and it took over 6 years for a flock to recover from the outbreak. The projected yearly loss at the national level is US$ 27.47 million (INR 1250 million). As a result, Capripox diseases put small and marginal farmers under much financial strain. The present study estimates the seroprevalence of SP and GP diseases in the Asian and African continents using systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of the study will help researchers and policymakers to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of the disease and its burden. In addition, the results are also helpful to design and implement location-specific prevention and eradication measures against these diseases.Materials and Methods:Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines of Cochran collaborations were used for systematic review and subsequently meta-analysis were used. The literature was collected from various databases. Initial search string resulted in more than nine thousand articles for the period 2000 to 2020 using the different combinations of keywords and Boolean operators (or not) asterisk* and quotation marks. Out of 9398 papers, 80 studies were chosen for complete test reviews and quality bias evaluation using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 21 articles were used for the meta-analysis. The statistical study employed fixed effects and random effects models using R.Results:Seroprevalence of SP and GP was calculated using studies with a cumulative sample size of 4352, out of which sheep and goats’ samples together contribute 48%, followed by sheep (32%) and goat (21%). The result of the meta-regression revealed that detection techniques had a significant impact on the overall effect size at 5% level (Qm=14.12). Subgroup analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test with samples was further grouped into two categories based on the median, and it revealed that 62% of samples used PCR as a detecting test followed by group-II.Conclusion:From the study, it is concluded that SP and GP diseases are highly prevalent; hence, effective vaccines, proper education to farmers through extension activity, and transboundary disease movement restriction are necessary for the control and eradication of the disease.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableObjectives: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 75-85% of all lung cancer diagnoses. This meta-analysis sought to estimate the overall survival (OS) of NSCLC based on randomized control trials which had compared docetaxel with kinase inhibitors, antineoplastic agents, and monoclonal antibodies as second-line chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC. Methods: We selected 18 randomized control trials which used docetaxel as the standard treatment arm, while kinase inhibitors, antineoplastic agents, and monoclonal antibodies constituted the experimental arm. The methodological quality of the trial was classified according to the Modified Jadad score. Several steps were taken to reduce publication bias. A forest plot was used to graphically summarize the meta-analysis. Results: The Hedge's g value of antineoplastic agents was 0.11 (95% CI: -0.03-0.26), while for kinase inhibitors was 0.04 (95% CI: -0.10-0.17) and monoclonal antibodies was 0.05 (95% CI: -0.02-0.13). Forest plot showed a clear though only slightly higher overall survival using docetaxel compared to those of the antineoplastic agents, kinase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies, due to the existence of moderate heterogeneity and lower impact. Conclusions: Overall, the patients in these studies who were in the standard (docetaxel) treatment arm had slightly better OS than those in the intervention treatment arm. As per the results, docetaxel was more effective in the second-line treatment of advanced NSCLC than antineoplastic agents, monoclonal antibodies, and kinase inhibitors. We infer that docetaxel-based second-line therapy for patients with advanced NSCLC is supported by our meta-analysis.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus is one among the major zoonosis viral diseases that use the Hyalomma ticks as their transmission vector to cause viral infection to the human and mammalian community. The fatality of infectious is high across the world especially in Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Europe. This study regarding codon usage bias of S, M, and L segments of the CCHF virus pertaining to the host Homo sapiens, reveals in-depth information about the evolutionary characteristics of CCHFV. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU), Effective number of codons (ENC) were calculated, to determine the codon usage pattern in each segment. Correlation analysis between Codon adaptation index (CAI), GRAVY (Hydrophobicity), AROMO (Aromaticity), and nucleotide composition revealed bias in the codon usage pattern. There was no strong codon bias found among any segments of the CCHF virus, indicating both the factors i.e., natural selection and mutational pressure shapes the codon usage biasNot Availabl

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Not AvailableSevere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus-2 (CoV-2) is a beta-coronavirus (beta-CoV; sarbecovirus), like its predecessors SARS and MERS CoVs. Of the structural proteins of the virus, the Spike (S) protein on the virion envelope binds to the host cell ACE2 through viral epitopes in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Deletions in the ORF8 as well as mutations in the S gene of SARS-CoV of 2003 were related to adaptation of the virus to humans. The emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2, viz., B.1.1.7, B.1.427 and B.1.429, B.1.617 and its Kappa and Delta strains/ variants, B.1.351, and P.1 in the United Kingdom, Americas, India, South Africa and Brazil, respectively, has been found be associated with the current waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. These variants are antigenically dissimilar, whereas the current COVID-19 vaccines are monovalent. This is a handicap in the control program. The Delta variant has been reported in 74 countries as of 14 June 2021 and the anticipated third wave involving this variant is of concern to the countries (www.gavi.org). Of late, on 17 June 2021, Delta Plus variant was identified in India (AIIMS, Bhopal, India). Circulation of virus in vaccinated population may lead to endemicity, and this can be monitored by regular serosurveillance for antibodies against select non-structural proteins (NSPs) of the virus; antibodies to NSPs will indicate virus replication in the host. Endemic areas will have higher NSP reactors. It is predicted that the Delta B.1 variant may ignite the third wave of the disease in many countries. As it has been difficult to achieve uniformity in time and density of the vaccination even in the districts, circulation of the virus in partially immune population may lead to the selection of newer variants of SARS-CoV-2. The presence of monoclonal antibody resistant mutants and neutralization—escape mutants in quasispecies structure of another + sense RNA virus, i.e., Aphthovirus (FMD virus; foot and mouth disease virus) in the family Picornaviridae is well documented. The situation could be similar in the Coronaviridae member SARS-CoV-2. Previous immunity may not protect against current/ future mutants thereby pro-longing the COVID-19 control ProgrammeNot Availabl

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Not AvailableBackground: The World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19), as a pandemic in January 2020. The morbidity and mortality associated with the disease are enormous COVID-19, with a multi-systemic pathology, exhibits thrombosis as a common manifestation. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and thrombotic lesions have been reported in >70% and >30% of patients, respectively, who have died due to the COVID-19 and therefore, heparin is included in the treatment of moderate to severe cases. This retrospective study was undertaken to check the effectiveness of prophylactic therapy with heparin at reducing mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Methodology: The study included retrospective data from case records of 169 critically ill COVID19 patients with or without comorbidities and an anticoagulant regimen. The data were thoroughly studied for demographic profile, comorbidities, type and dosage of anticoagulants, length of intensive care unit stay, and mortality rates. Results: The male to female ratio of the study subjects was 125/44 (76%/24%). Patients with comorbidities were critically ill as compared to those with none (140/29), and diabetes mellitus was the most common comorbidity, found in 99 patients. Mortality rate was significantly higher in patients who had not received any anticoagulant (p = 0.015) and in patients who had received unfractionated heparin (p =0.036) as compared to those who received low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Conclusion: The prophylactic administration of heparin improves the survival rate of the critically ill covid 19 patients is more when compared with the patients who do not receive heparin. LMWH is very effective in reducing thrombotic complications and mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patientsNot Availabl

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Not AvailableAnthrax is a highly fatal zoonotic disease that affects all species of livestock. The study aims to develop an early warning of epidemiological anthrax using machine learning (ML) models and to study the effect of El Niño and La Niña oscillation, as well as the climate–disease relationship concerning the spatial occurrence and outbreaks in Karnataka. The disease incidence data are divided based on El Niño and La Niña events from 2004–2019 and subjected to climate-disease modeling to understand the disease pattern over the years. Machine learning models were implemented using R statistical software version 3.1.3 with Livestock density, soil profile, and meteorological and remote sensing variables as risk factors associated with anthrax incidence. Model evaluation is performed using statistical indices, viz., Cohen’s kappa, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, true skill statistics (TSS), etc. Models with good predictive power were combined to develop an average prediction model. The predicted results were mapped onto the Risk maps, and the Basic reproduction numbers (R0) for the districts that are significantly clustered were calculated. Early warning or risk prediction developed with a layer of R0 superimposed on a risk map helps in the preparedness for the disease occurrence, and precautionary measures before the spread of the disease.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present work describes a facile and convenient procedure for synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles using luteolin isolated from Eclipta alba plant (L-ZnONPs) at room temperature. The formation of as-grown L ZnONPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The Wurtzite structure of ZnO was observed by its hexagonal phases in diffraction patterns. The SEM images revealed the different sizes and morphologies of L-ZnONPs, with diameters between 12 and 25 nm. The HR-TEM result showed that the inter-planar distance between two lattice fringes was 0.262 nm, which coincides with the d-spacing of (002) and (101) lattice planes of the as obtained material. The anticancer activity of L-ZnONPs against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was greater as compared to that of luteolin or ZnO alone. The mechanistic evaluation of such an activity carried out using in silico methods suggested that the anti-breast cancer activity of L-ZnONPs was mediated by polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) proteins.Not Availabl