Fungal enzyme sets for plant polysaccharide degradation

Enzymatic degradation of plant polysaccharides has many industrial applications, such as within the paper, food, and feed industry and for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins are the main components of plant cell wall polysaccharides. These polysaccharides are often tightly packed, contain many different sugar residues, and are branched with a diversity of structures. To enable efficient degradation of these polysaccharides, fungi produce an extensive set of carbohydrate-active enzymes. The variety of the enzyme set differs between fungi and often corresponds to the requirements of its habitat. Carbohydrate-active enzymes can be organized in different families based on the amino acid sequence of the structurally related catalytic modules. Fungal enzymes involved in plant polysaccharide degradation are assigned to at least 35 glycoside hydrolase families, three carbohydrate esterase families and six polysaccharide lyase families. This mini-review will discuss the enzymes needed for complete degradation of plant polysaccharides and will give an overview of the latest developments concerning fungal carbohydrate-active enzymes and their corresponding families

Expression Patterns of Coagulation Factor XIII Subunit A on Leukemic Lymphoblasts Correlate with Clinical Outcome and Genetic Subtypes in Childhood B-cell Progenitor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

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Психологические маркеры созависимого поведения: теория и практика

Introduction. The purpose of the article is an analytical review of scientific approaches to thestudy of the features of psychological markers of codependent behavior. Modern approachesto the study of this phenomenon from the point of view of theoretical and practical aspects,reflecting the fragmentary nature of the representation of this concept, are considered. Thereare not only several definitions of the concept of "codependency", but also many approachesto its study. Based on the theoretical analysis of various approaches, the author\u27s definition ofthe phenomenon was proposed, which reflects the scientific novelty of the study. The theoreticaljustification of the problem under study was carried out on the basis of the analysis of literarysources, comparative analysis and generalization of foreign and domestic approaches to theterm "codependency" under study, approbation of the author\u27s interpretation of the term understudy. Results. Based on the analytical review, psychological markers of codependent behaviorare identified, manifested through a learned set of behavioral forms, adaptation disorders, andvarious personality disorders. It is shown that the description of psychological characteristics relatedto the phenomenon of codependency is quite extensive, but it is not systemic. The ideas areoutlined not only to continue the study of psychological markers of codependent behavior, butalso to search for genetic factors that cause this behavior. Discussion. We have identified theinterpretation of the term "codependency" as a phenomenon manifested in dependent behaviorcaused by a change in value-semantic constructs and a lack of necessary competencies, formedunder the influence of negative experience of dysfunctional relationships with significant others.This definition combines a number of approaches and enriches them with a look through theprism of the deep features of a person who exhibits codependent patterns of behavior.Введение. Целью статьи является аналитический обзор научных подходов к исследованию особенностей психологических маркеров созависимого поведения. Рассмотрены современные подходы к изучению данного феномена с точки зрения теоретического и практического аспектов, отражающие фрагментарный характер представленности данного понятия. Существует не только несколько дефиниций понятия «созависимость», но и множество подходов к его изучению. На основе теоретического анализа различных подходов было предложено авторское определение феномена, что отражает научную новизну исследования. Теоретическое обоснование исследуемой проблематики было выполнено на основе анализа литературных источников, сравнительного анализа и обобщения зарубежных и отечественных подходов к изучаемому термину «созависимость», апробации авторской трактовки исследуемого термина. Результаты. На основе аналитического обзора выделены психологические маркеры созависимого поведения, проявляющиеся через выученный набор поведенческих форм, нарушение адаптации, различные нарушения личности. Показано, что описание психологических характеристик, относящихся к феномену созависимости, достаточно обширно, но при этом не носит системный характер. Намечены идеи не только для продолжения изучения психологических маркеров созависимого поведения, но и для поиска генетических факторов, обуславливающих данное поведение. Обсуждение результатов. Нами выделена трактовка термина «созависимость» как феномена, проявляющегося в зависимом поведении, обусловленного изменением ценностно-смысловых конструктов и недостатком необходимых компетенций, формирующегося под влиянием негативного опыта дисфункциональных отношений со значимыми другими. Данное определение объединяет ряд подходов и обогащает их взглядом сквозь призму глубинных особенностей личности, проявляющей созависимые паттерны поведения

Analysis of GATA1 mutations in Down syndrome transient myeloproliferative disorder and myeloid leukemia.

Children with Down syndrome (DS) up to the age of 4 years are at a 150-fold excess risk of developing myeloid leukemia (ML-DS). Approximately 4%-5% of newborns with DS develop transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD). Blast cell structure and immunophenotype are similar in TMD and ML-DS. A mutation in the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA1 is present in almost all cases. Here, we show that simple techniques detect GATA1 mutations in the largest series of TMD (n = 134; 88%) and ML-DS (n = 103; 85%) cases tested. Furthermore, no significant difference in the mutational spectrum between the 2 disorders was seen. Thus, the type of GATA1 sequence mutation is not a reliable tool and is not prognostic of which patients with TMD are probable to develop ML-DS

The Active Site of a Carbohydrate Esterase Displays Divergent Catalytic and Noncatalytic Binding Functions

Multifunctional proteins, which play a critical role in many biological processes, have typically evolved through the recruitment of different domains that have the required functional diversity. Thus the different activities displayed by these proteins are mediated by spatially distinct domains, consistent with the specific chemical requirements of each activity. Indeed, current evolutionary theory argues that the colocalization of diverse activities within an enzyme is likely to be a rare event, because it would compromise the existing activity of the protein. In contrast to this view, a potential example of multifunctional recruitment into a single protein domain is provided by CtCel5C-CE2, which contains an N-terminal module that displays cellulase activity and a C-terminal module, CtCE2, which exhibits a noncatalytic cellulose-binding function but also shares sequence identity with the CE2 family of esterases. Here we show that, unlike other CE2 members, the CtCE2 domain displays divergent catalytic esterase and noncatalytic carbohydrate binding functions. Intriguingly, these diverse activities are housed within the same site on the protein. Thus, a critical component of the active site of CtCE2, the catalytic Ser-His dyad, in harness with inserted aromatic residues, confers noncatalytic binding to cellulose whilst the active site of the domain retains its esterase activity. CtCE2 catalyses deacetylation of noncellulosic plant structural polysaccharides to deprotect these substrates for attack by other enzymes. Yet it also acts as a cellulose-binding domain, which promotes the activity of the appended cellulase on recalcitrant substrates. The CE2 family encapsulates the requirement for multiple activities by biocatalysts that attack challenging macromolecular substrates, including the grafting of a second, powerful and discrete noncatalytic binding functionality into the active site of an enzyme. This article provides a rare example of “gene sharing,” where the introduction of a second functionality into the active site of an enzyme does not compromise the original activity of the biocatalyst