WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT : PATHWAYS FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND POVERTY ERADICATION

Water is essential not only for sustaining quality of life on the earth, but also for economic growth and poverty eradication. Due to rapid increase in population, the demand for water will increase over time. The nations that are well endowed in fresh water resources have an economic advantage over those less fortunate. Water resources management is a cost effective strategy; contributing to the economic prosperity and poverty reduction through several pathways, while strengthening systems and capacity for longer-term climate risk management. The access to safe and adequate water improves health, fulfills multiple needs of households, contribute to food and fiber production and poverty elimination. The prime purpose of present paper is to enhance the understanding of the factors that influence water demand by deeply examining the water use in domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors in Pakistan. The driving forces and key issues, related to socio-economic development, that influence the future water availability and demand are also examined. Pakistan is a country that is facing a water crisis not because of physical scarcities of the resources, but because of lack of knowledge, experience, technology and co-ordination among different institutions. The empirical evidence shows that better management coupled with effective policy, intensified political will, appropriate investments, awareness, climatic change adoption and institutional strengthening are promising pathways for sustainable water resources management. In order to meet the water demand for environment, economic and people's life, there is scope for significant improvement in the efficiency of water utilization, which if achieved should enhance the overall sustainability

Spin Drift in Highly Doped n-type Si

A quantitative estimation of spin drift velocity in highly doped n-type silicon (Si) at 8 K is presented in this letter. A local two-terminal Hanle measurement enables the detection of a modulation of spin signals from the Si as a function of an external electric field, and this modulation is analyzed by using a spin drift-diffusion equation and an analytical solution of the Hanle-type spin precession. The analyses reveal that the spin drift velocity is linearly proportional to the electric field. The contribution of the spin drift effect to the spin signals is crosschecked by introducing a modified nonlocal four-terminal method.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure

Assessment of Satellite Surface Radiation Products in Highland Regions with Tibet Instrumental Data

This study presents results of comparisons between instrumental radiation data in the elevated Tibetan Plateau and two global satellite products: the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment - Surface Radiation Budget (GEWEX-SRB) and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project - Flux Data (ISCCP-FD). In general, shortwave radiation (SW) is estimated better by ISCCP-FD while longwave radiation (LW) is estimated better by GEWEX-SRB, but all the radiation components in both products are under-estimated. Severe and systematic errors were found in monthly-mean SRB SW (on plateau-average, -48 W/sq m for downward SW and -18 W/sq m for upward SW) and FD LW (on plateau-average, -37 W/sq m for downward LW and -62 W/sq m for upward LW) for radiation. Errors in monthly-mean diurnal variations are even larger than the monthly mean errors. Though the LW errors can be reduced about 10 W/sq m after a correction for altitude difference between the site and SRB and FD grids, these errors are still higher than that for other regions. The large errors in SRB SW was mainly due to a processing mistake for elevation effect, but the errors in SRB LW was mainly due to significant errors in input data. We suggest reprocessing satellite surface radiation budget data, at least for highland areas like Tibet

A Flash Flood Control System Based on the Global Earth Observation System of Systems

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchiv

Effect of the variation in the lower tropospheric temperature on the wind onset of the Indian summer monsoon

金沢大学理工研究域環境デザイン学系There is a large thermal contrast between the Arabian Peninsula and India (ΔθAI) at the mature stage of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM). The forming process of ΔθAI is investigated analyzing various datasets. It forms earlier in the lower troposphere than in the middle and upper layers. The potential temperature in the lower troposphere over the west coast of India (θIW) abruptly decreases in advance of the rapid enhancement of the westerly wind over the Arabian Sea corresponding to the ISM onset. Such a process was observed for all the target years and the rapid decrease in θIW could trigger the ISM onset. The decrease in θIW had two patterns. In one case, cooler air is brought by the strong winds around a cyclone over the Arabian Sea. In another case, θIW decreases gradually by a synergy of a southwesterly wind over the Arabian Sea and the enlargement of ΔθAI. © 2009 Springer-Verlag

Outcomes of chest compression only CPR versus conventional CPR conducted by lay people in patients with out of hospital cardiopulmonary arrest witnessed by bystanders: nationwide population based observational study

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with chest compression only and conventional CPR on outcomes after cardiopulmonary arrest out of hospital. DESIGN: Nationwide population based observational study. SETTING: A nationwide emergency medical service system in Japan. Population All consecutive patients with out of hospital cardiopulmonary arrest, January 2005 to December 2007 in Japan, witnessed at the moment of collapse. Lay people attempted chest compression only CPR (n = 20,707) or conventional CPR (mouth to mouth ventilation and chest compression) (n = 19,328), and patients were transferred to hospital by ambulance. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Factors associated with better outcomes (assessed with χ(2), multiple logistic regression analysis, odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals): one month survival and neurologically favourable one month survival rates defined as category one (good cerebral performance) or two (moderate cerebral disability) of the cerebral performance categories. RESULTS: Conventional CPR was associated with better outcomes than chest compression only CPR, for both one month survival (adjusted odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 1.29) and neurologically favourable one month survival (1.17, 1.01 to 1.35). Neurologically favourable one month survival decreased with increasing age and with delays of up to 10 minutes in starting CPR for both conventional and chest compression only CPR. The benefit of conventional CPR over chest compression only CPR was significantly greater in younger people in non-cardiac cases (P = 0.025) and with a delay in start of CPR after the event was witnessed in non-cardiac cases (P = 0.015) and all cases combined (P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Conventional CPR is associated with better outcomes than chest compression only CPR for selected patients with out of hospital cardiopulmonary arrest, such as those with arrests of non-cardiac origin and younger people, and people in whom there was delay in the start of CPR.博士（医学）・乙第1266号・平成23年5月30