On statistical interpretations of the semilogarithmic loss function, Mimeo

Abstract This paper corrects and remarks on statistical interpretations of the semilogarithmic loss function introduced for solving positive inverse problems. In this paper, we modify the original statistical model such that the minimization of the semilogarithmic loss function matches the maximum likelihood method. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the induced error distributions from the semilogarithmic loss function are novel. Another correction to the original paper regarding variable transformation is also included

Elevator Trip Distribution for Inconsistent Passenger Input-Output Data

Accurate traffic data are the basis for group control of elevators and its performance evaluation by trace driven simulation. The present practice estimates a time series of inter-floor passenger traffic based on commonly available elevator sensor data. The method demands that the sensor data be transformed into sets of passenger input-output data which are consistent in the sense that the transportation preserves the number of passengers. Since observation involves various behavioral assumptions, which may actually be violated, as well as measurement errors, it has been necessary to apply data adjustment procedures to secure the consistency. This paper proposes an alternative algorithm which reconstructs elevator passenger origin-destination tables from inconsistent passenger input-output data sets, thus eliminating the ad hoc data adjustment

A Loss Function for Box-Constrained Inverses Problems

A loss function is proposed for solving box-constrained inverse problems. Given causality mechanisms between inputs and outputs as smooth functions, an inverse problem demands to adjust the input levels to make the output levels as close as possible to the target values; box-constrained refers to the requirement that all outcome levels remain within their respective permissible intervals. A feasible solution is assumed known, which is often the status quo. We propose a loss function which avoids activation of the constraints. A practical advantage of this approach over the usual weighted least squares is that permissible outcome intervals are required in place of target importance weights, facilitating data acquisition. The proposed loss function is smooth and strictly convex with closed-form gradient and Hessian, permitting Newton family algorithms. The author has not been able to locate in the literature the Gibbs distribution corresponding to the loss function. The loss function is closely related to the generalized matching law in psychology

A Utility Function to Solve Approximate Linear Equations for Decision Making

Suppose there are a number of decision variables linearly related to a set of outcome variables. There are at least as many outcome variables as the number of decision variables since all decisions are outcomes by themselves. The quality of outcome is evaluated by a utility function. Given desired values for all outcome variables, decision making reduces to “solving” the system of linear equations with respect to the decision variables; the solution being defined as decision variable values such that maximize the utility function. This paper proposes a family of additively separable utility functions which can be defined by setting four intuitive parameters for each outcome variable: the desired value of the outcome, the lower and the upper limits of its admissible interval, and its importance weight. The utility function takes a nonnegative value within the admissible domain and negative outside; permits gradient methods for maximization; is designed to have a small dynamic range for numerical computation. Small examples are presented to illustrate the proposed method

Maximization of an Asymmetric Utility Function by the Least Squares

This note points out that a utility maximization procedure proposed in an earlier paper may be reduced to the least squares.The utility function is asymmetric in the sense that for each cue an ideal value and a permissible range are assigned in such a way that the ideal value is not necessarily at the center of the interval, like "a beer of 350 [ml] would be ideal, but acceptable if within [100, 500]". A practical consequence of the observation is that very little programming will be needed to deploy the utility maximization, since software for the least squares is widely available

Maximization of an Asymmetric Utility Function by the Least Squares

Abstract. This note points out that a utility maximization procedure proposed in an earlier paper may be reduced to the least squares. The utility function is asymmetric in the sense that for each cue its ideal value and the permissible range are assigned in such a way that the ideal is not necessarily at the center of the range, like "a beer of 350 ml would be ideal, but acceptable if within [100, 500]". A practical consequence of the observation is that very little programming will be needed to deploy the utility maximization since software for the least squares is widely available

Stretching the Least Squares to Embed Loss Functions Tables

The method of least squares is extended to accommodate a class of loss functions specified in the form of function tables. Each function table is embedded into the standard quadratic loss function so that the nonlinear least squares algorithms can be adopted for loss minimization. This is an alternative to a more conventional approach which interpolates the function tables and minimizes the resulting loss function by some generic optimization algorithm. An advantage of the alternative over the conventional approach is the wider availability of the least squares programs compared to the generic optimization programs, especially on resource-constrained devices. Examples are given for its application to multiplicative utility function maximization problems

Development of a screening system for central visual field using the eye-tracking device\n

　Background: Visual field test with gaze movements do not require a subjective response because they are based on reflexive movements. In this study, we developed a visual field test system with gaze movements to perform a central visual field screening, and then examined the reproducibility of the measurements in healthy adult volunteers.　Methods: We examined 30 right eyes of 30 healthy volunteers (mean age, 22.7 ± 5.2 years) with a best-corrected visual acuity of at least 20/20. Gazefinder, an eye-tracking device, was used to measure gaze movements. Subjects with refractive correction were asked to follow a white target presented on a monitor. If a subject can accurately perform eye tracking with respect to the visual target, visual field with gaze movements measurements are theoretically possible in eight directions (horizontal/vertical to 15.3° and oblique to 21.5° ). After a total of three measurements, the data were quantified using analysis software (CreateChart). Finally, the intraclass correlation coefficients of the measurement values were obtained.　Results: The difference between theoretical and actual measurement values, which is thought to reflect gaze accuracy, were –0.1° ± 0.9° for upper, –0.6° ± 1.0° for upper right, –0.2° ± 1.0° for right, –0.8° ± 0.9° for lower right, –0.5° ± 0.7° for lower, –0.5° ± 0.9° for lower left, –0.6 ° ± 0.5 ° for left, and –0.6 ° ± 0.5 ° for upper left. No significant differences were found among the eight directions, and gaze accuracy was high, at within 1°. The intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.6 or higher in each direction (P < 0.01), indicating high repeatability.　Conclusions: In the traditional method for measuring visual field with gaze movements, the fixation point of view needs to be reset for each gaze movement. On the other hand, the system developed in this study has the advantage of not requiring eye movements to return to the fixation point. The present findings indicate that our newly developed system is a useful device when standard perimetry is difficult to measure

Solar Array Membrane Prototype for the OPENS-0 Small Saturn Probe

The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science at Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is actively engaged in the research and development of a cutting-edge lightweight deployable solar array paddle, called solar array membrane. This technology is specifically designed for small satellites, with a particular focus on the OPENS-0 small probe for the Saturn flyby engineering demonstration. This paper provides the current status of the development of the full-scale prototype for the 9 m2 solar array membrane

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