Embedded System Performance Analysis for Implementing a Portable Drowsiness Detection System for Drivers

Drowsiness on the road is a widespread problem with fatal consequences; thus, a multitude of systems and techniques have been proposed. Among existing methods, Ghoddoosian et al. utilized temporal blinking patterns to detect early signs of drowsiness, but their algorithm was tested only on a powerful desktop computer, which is not practical to apply in a moving vehicle setting. In this paper, we propose an efficient platform to run Ghoddosian's algorithm, detail the performance tests we ran to determine this platform, and explain our threshold optimization logic. After considering the Jetson Nano and Beelink (Mini PC), we concluded that the Mini PC is the most efficient and practical to run our embedded system in a vehicle. To determine this, we ran communication speed tests and evaluated total processing times for inference operations. Based on our experiments, the average total processing time to run the drowsiness detection model was 94.27 ms for Jetson Nano and 22.73 ms for the Beelink (Mini PC). Considering the portability and power efficiency of each device, along with the processing time results, the Beelink (Mini PC) was determined to be most suitable. Also, we propose a threshold optimization algorithm, which determines whether the driver is drowsy or alert based on the trade-off between the sensitivity and specificity of the drowsiness detection model. Our study will serve as a crucial next step for drowsiness detection research and its application in vehicles. Through our experiment, we have determinend a favorable platform that can run drowsiness detection algorithms in real-time and can be used as a foundation to further advance drowsiness detection research. In doing so, we have bridged the gap between an existing embedded system and its actual implementation in vehicles to bring drowsiness technology a step closer to prevalent real-life implementation.Comment: 26 pages, 13 figures, 4 table

The Effects of Artwork Experience on Fashion Retail Store Satisfaction

This study examines the emotional value and store satisfaction that results from exhibiting artwork in retail environment. The research topic is focused on how combining opportunities to enjoy visual art with the sale of products or services can trigger positive emotions in customers and ultimately raise the level of store satisfaction. This study also investigates the moderating effect of a customer’s level of art enjoyment by assuming that the influence of an in-store art experience on a customer’s emotions will vary depending on the customer’s level of art enjoyment

On the Productivity of the English suffixes: -ness and -ity

The sources of the differential distribution of the two nominalizing suffixes, -ness and -ity, have been examined in this study. The overall productivity status of the two suffixes between the nineteenth and twentieth century was explored. Further, Lees (2012) proposal to employ the monosuffix constraint and the closing suffix constraint, proposed by Aronoff and Fuhrhops (2002), to account for the differential selection patterns of the two suffixes and the case of -ous deletion have been reviewed with the data drawn from the Oxford English Dictionary. We found that over the two centuries, -ity has been more productive as compared to -ness. Also, we were able to confirm the claim relating to the monosuffix constraint, while finding a minimal number of exceptions, all being the cases of -able suffixation. Finally, the claims regarding the -ous deletion were not fully consistent with our data, implying the possibility of further unexplored constraints at play

Representing the Invisible: The American Perceptions of Colonial Korea, 1910-1945

This study argues that American views of Korea during the period of Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945) shaped U.S. policy toward Korea in the colonial period and after, setting the stage for direct U.S. involvement in Korea's post-liberation years after 1945. Korean nationalists perceived the U.S. as a special ally and a model country, and expected it to play a positive role in resolving Korea's colonial status. In fact, American views of Korea in the early twentieth century were mixed, and depended greatly on the respective observers' relationship to Korea--whether as missionary, as scholar, or as diplomat. At the same time, Japan played a crucial role in mediating American views, reflecting the Asia colonizer's interest in winning international approval for its imperialist project. When Korean-American diplomatic relations began in the late nineteenth century, Americans observers typically regarded Korea as an uncivilized but distinct Asian country. This perception of backwardness persisted into the early twentieth century, even as Korea lost its status as a nation-state with the Japanese annexation of 1910. Awareness of Japanese subjugation of Korea would expand significantly in the period 1919-1922, as journalists and missionaries conveyed news of the March First Movement to the American public and Korean nationalists countered Japanese government efforts to influence international opinion. Nationalist efforts to influence U.S. policymaking in the 1920s and 1930s were persistent but never fully successful, in part because of Korean factional rivalries, changing Japanese strategies of colonial control, and American diplomats' desire to protect U.S. colonial interests in the Philippines. Although Korean nationalists failed to accomplish their ultimate goal of participating directly in the U.S. government's wartime discussions on Korea in the early 1940s, they nevertheless succeeded in making the American public aware that Korea was a cultural and racial entity distinct from Japan. This awareness would lay a foundation for American direct intervention in Korean political, social, and military problems after 1945

Design of polymeric binder for lithium-ion batteries with high energy density

Department of ChemistryDue to the environmental issue, electronic energy becomes more important and is more applied to various yield. As increasing demand for high energy density and high capacity, many researchers make an effort to increase the capacity and energy density of the battery. One method is using the high theoretical capacity material. Si has received attention as the active material in anode due to its high theoretical charge capacity. However, the Si anode has a big challenge result from the large volume expansion (>300%) during the lithiation. This expansion causes isolated Si and rapidly fading the capacity of the electrode. To alleviate this ephemeral ability, we introduce boronic acid polymeric cross-linker for stable binding of Si. Boronic acids of crosslinker form stable chemical crosslink with vicinal hydroxyl groups of binder. And we utilize guar gum as main binder material which has high viscosity and abundant alcohol groups. It can form dynamic chemical crosslink with boronic acid. Cross-linked binder efficiently grasps expanded Si and prevents isolation of contracted Si. This crosslinking bond between boronic acid and guar gum will maintain electrode and eventually improve lifetime and capacity of Li-ion battery. The other is making a composite of graphite and high theoretical capacity material. Graphite is a conventional active material which has little volume expansion but low capacity. And High theoretical capacity materials have high volume expansion. So these are big problems for practical use. One solving method is mixing a small amount of high capacity material to conventional material. Although the small amount of high capacity material also makes high volume expansion, we can increase capacity and control expansion of electrode. There is a need for a new binder to prevent volume expansion and interact with two active materials. We design hydrophobic styrene and hydrophilic alcohol and acrylate units contained random-co-polymer. Styrene group has interaction with graphite and hydrophilic units have interaction with Si and a current collector. This polymer has stable interaction with two active materials and maintains integrity during the charge-discharge cycle. By changing anode material, demanded binder properties are also changed. Suitable properties of binder can maintain their integrity and give an improved lifetime to the battery.clos