The Evolution of Soviet Thought on Warfare in the Fourth Dimension

A number of authors lately have expressed proper concern about thereadiness of the US Navy to conduct warfare in a dimension other than the three conventional media: sea, air, and land.\u27 This additional dimension, the electromagnetic spectrum, is as vital a battlefield in wartime as any of the other three, perhaps even more so. While Americans have consistently been in the forefront of the technical development of electronic warfare (EW) equipment, we have not, at the same time, been quick to exploit its operational utility across the entire spectrum of warfare

The Evolution of Soviet Views on Fleet Air Defense

The Soviet Navy is constantly changing, evolving from a coastal he Soviet Navy is constantly changing, evolving from a coastal. defense force to a blue water fleet able to show the red flag in the far reaches of the globe. This evolution is evident in Soviet shipbuilding programs and peacetime operations. But nowhere is it more evident than in Soviet naval literature. This literature, more than any other indicator, reflects the attitudes and concerns of high-ranking Soviet naval officers

Soviet Doctrine on the Role of the Aircraft Carrier

At the close of World War II, the combined fleets of the United States and Great Britain included over 115 aircraft carriers with a total capacity of some 6,700 aircraft. Typifying their strength was the U.S. Navy\u27s Task Force 38, operating off Japan from 10 July through 15 August 1945. Because carrier airpower had already contributed greatly to the destruction of the Japanese Fleet, this force was free to operate within 100 miles of the coast. Aircraft from the task force proceeded to devastate Tokyo and ranged across the Japanese countryside attacking targets of opportunity virtually at will

Attacking the Weakest Link: The Anti-Support Role of Soviet Naval Forces

Communications and navigation facilities, tenders, missile transport and storage facilities, supply ships, fixed acoustic arrays, cargo handling facilities, and the like are more susceptible to destruction than the weapons systems to whose support they are dedicated

Steroid receptor coactivator-1 modulates the function of Pomc neurons and energy homeostasis

Hypothalamic neurons expressing the anorectic peptide Pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) regulate food intake and body weight. Here, we show that Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1 (SRC-1) interacts with a target of leptin receptor activation, phosphorylated STAT3, to potentiate Pomc transcription. Deletion of SRC-1 in Pomc neurons in mice attenuates their depolarization by leptin, decreases Pomc expression and increases food intake leading to high-fat diet-induced obesity. In humans, fifteen rare heterozygous variants in SRC-1 found in severely obese individuals impair leptin-mediated Pomc reporter activity in cells, whilst four variants found in non-obese controls do not. In a knock-in mouse model of a loss of function human variant (SRC-1L1376P), leptin-induced depolarization of Pomc neurons and Pomc expression are significantly reduced, and food intake and body weight are increased. In summary, we demonstrate that SRC-1 modulates the function of hypothalamic Pomc neurons, and suggest that targeting SRC-1 may represent a useful therapeutic strategy for weight loss.Peer reviewe

Exploration of Shared Genetic Architecture Between Subcortical Brain Volumes and Anorexia Nervosa

In MRI scans of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), reductions in brain volume are often apparent. However, it is unknown whether such brain abnormalities are influenced by genetic determinants that partially overlap with those underlying AN. Here, we used a battery of methods (LD score regression, genetic risk scores, sign test, SNP effect concordance analysis, and Mendelian randomization) to investigate the genetic covariation between subcortical brain volumes and risk for AN based on summary measures retrieved from genome-wide association studies of regional brain volumes (ENIGMA consortium, n = 13,170) and genetic risk for AN (PGC-ED consortium, n = 14,477). Genetic correlations ranged from − 0.10 to 0.23 (all p > 0.05). There were some signs of an inverse concordance between greater thalamus volume and risk for AN (permuted p = 0.009, 95% CI: [0.005, 0.017]). A genetic variant in the vicinity of ZW10, a gene involved in cell division, and neurotransmitter and immune system relevant genes, in particular DRD2, was significantly associated with AN only after conditioning on its association with caudate volume (pFDR = 0.025). Another genetic variant linked to LRRC4C, important in axonal and synaptic development, reached significance after conditioning on hippocampal volume (pFDR = 0.021). In this comprehensive set of analyses and based on the largest available sample sizes to date, there was weak evidence for associations between risk for AN and risk for abnormal subcortical brain volumes at a global level (that is, common variant genetic architecture), but suggestive evidence for effects of single genetic markers. Highly powered multimodal brain- and disorder-related genome-wide studies are needed to further dissect the shared genetic influences on brain structure and risk for AN

The UK10K project identifies rare variants in health and disease

M. Kivimäki työryhmäjäsen.The contribution of rare and low-frequency variants to human traits is largely unexplored. Here we describe insights from sequencing whole genomes (low read depth, 7x) or exomes (high read depth, 80x) of nearly 10,000 individuals from population-based and disease collections. In extensively phenotyped cohorts we characterize over 24 million novel sequence variants, generate a highly accurate imputation reference panel and identify novel alleles associated with levels of triglycerides (APOB), adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLR and RGAG1) from single-marker and rare variant aggregation tests. We describe population structure and functional annotation of rare and low-frequency variants, use the data to estimate the benefits of sequencing for association studies, and summarize lessons from disease-specific collections. Finally, we make available an extensive resource, including individual-level genetic and phenotypic data and web-based tools to facilitate the exploration of association results.Peer reviewe