Striking Difference between Succinimidomethyl and Phthalimidomethyl Radicals in Conjugate Addition to Alkylidenemalonate Initiated by Dimethylzinc

We used dimethylzinc to develop a conjugate addition reaction of imidomethyl radicals to alkylidenemalonates using dimethylzinc, in which we observed a significant difference between succinimidomethyl and phthalimidomethyl radicals. This reaction provides new access to γ- aminobutyric acid derivatives, which often function as neurotransmitters

Molecular phylogeny of the higher and lower taxonomy of the Fusarium genus and differences in the evolutionary histories of multiple genes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Species of the <it>Fusarium </it>genus are important fungi which is associated with health hazards in human and animals. The taxonomy of this genus has been a subject of controversy for many years. Although many researchers have applied molecular phylogenetic analysis to examine the taxonomy of <it>Fusarium </it>species, their phylogenetic relationships remain unclear only few comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the <it>Fusarium </it>genus and a lack of suitable nucleotides and amino acid substitution rates. A previous stugy with whole genome comparison among <it>Fusairum </it>species revealed the possibility that each gene in <it>Fusarium </it>genomes has a unique evolutionary history, and such gene may bring difficulty to the reconstruction of phylogenetic tree of <it>Fusarium</it>. There is a need not only to check substitution rates of genes but also to perform the exact evaluation of each gene-evolution.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We performed phylogenetic analyses based on the nucleotide sequences of the rDNA cluster region (rDNA cluster), and the β-tubulin gene (<it>β-tub</it>), the elongation factor 1α gene (<it>EF-1α</it>), and the aminoadipate reductase gene (<it>lys2</it>). Although incongruence of the tree topologies between <it>lys2 </it>and the other genes was detected, all genes supported the classification of <it>Fusarium </it>species into 7 major clades, I to VII. To obtain a reliable phylogeny for <it>Fusarium </it>species, we excluded the <it>lys2 </it>sequences from our dataset, and re-constructed a maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on the combined data of the rDNA cluster, <it>β-tub</it>, and <it>EF-1α</it>. Our ML tree indicated some interesting relationships in the higher and lower taxa of <it>Fusarium </it>species and related genera. Moreover, we observed a novel evolutionary history of <it>lys2</it>. We suggest that the unique tree topologies of <it>lys2 </it>are not due to an analytical artefact, but due to differences in the evolutionary history of genomes caused by positive selection of particular lineages.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study showed the reliable species tree of the higher and lower taxonomy in the lineage of the <it>Fusarium </it>genus. Our ML tree clearly indicated 7 major clades within the <it>Fusarium </it>genus. Furthermore, this study reported differences in the evolutionary histories among multiple genes within this genus for the first time.</p

アヤマリ テイセイ フゴウ ホウシキ ニオケル テイセイ フノウ フゴウ ノ ソクジ ショリ

In this paper it is discussed to extract uncorrected data, on real time processing, from received data of error correcting code systems. Applications are developed on Hamming Code System and Cyclic Code Systems. It is expected to avoide troublesome table look up processing, which, otherwise, needed to extract the data at the end of receiving. Dual Karnaugh Mapping is utilized on logic design of extracting circuits which seemed to lead the realization of the systems

コウソク ディジタル ムセン アヤマリリツ トクセイ ニ タイスル マルチパス チエン ブンプ カンスウ ノ エイキョウ

It is important to investigate the effect of intersymbol interference due to time delay spread on the error-rate performance for a high-speed digital radio system over fading multipath channels. In this paper, we theoretically evaluate the probability of error for a continuous phase binary FSK with matched filter detection using postdetection diversity combining under conditions of Cauchy-distributed delay power spectrum for terrestrial microwave channels and exponential-distributed delay power spectrum for land mobile radio channels. Furthermore, the effect of above different types of time delay spread on the error-rate performance is studied

イドウタイ ツウシン ニオケル REED SOLOMON フゴウカ 16チ スター QAM ホウシキ ノ アヤマリリツ トクセイ

Spectral efficiency and hardware simplicity are important factors in land mobile radio systems. Error rate performance is degraded due to severe channel fading. Forward error correction (FEC), automatic repeat request (ARQ) or diversity reception techniques are occasionaly employed to reduce the effect of fading. FEC with interleaving provides good error performance in a fading channel, but expands bandwidth, and consequently degrades spectral efficiency. This problem is solved without changing bandwidth efficiency by integration of an error correction coding with a bandwidth-efficient modulation scheme, namely a coded-modulation technique. In this paper the word error probabilities of Reed-Solomon coded 16-level star QAM schemes in a land mobile radio channel are evaluated based on computer simulations. The receiver uses differential detection and two different decoding strategies, errorsonly and erros-and-erasures decoding. It is estimated that large coding gain is achieved using these coded-modulation techniques. More coding gain is obtained using errors-and-erasures decoding

早期糖尿病性腎症での腎臓におけるα-Klotho 発現の低下とその尿中カルシウム排世に対する役割についての検討

Hypercalciuria is one of the early manifestations of diabetic nephropathy. We explored here the role of α-Klotho, a protein expressed predominantly in distal convoluted tubules that has a role in calcium reabsorption. We studied 31 patients with early diabetic nephropathy and compared them with 31 patients with IgA nephropathy and 7 with minimal change disease. Renal α-Klotho expression was significantly lower and urinary calcium excretion (UCa/UCr) significantly higher in diabetic nephropathy than in IgA nephropathy or minimal change disease. Multiple regression analyses indicated that α-Klotho mRNA was inversely correlated with calcium excretion. We next measured these parameters in a mouse model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy, characterized by glomerular hyperfiltration, as seen in early diabetic nephropathy. We also confirmed a reduction of renal α-Klotho mRNA down to almost 50% and enhanced calcium excretion in mice with STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy in comparison with nondiabetic mice. Hypercalciuria was exacerbated in heterozygous α-Klotho knockout mice in comparison with wild-type mice, each with STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy. Thus, α-Klotho expression was decreased in distal convoluted tubules in diabetic nephropathy in humans and mice. Renal loss of α-Klotho may affect urinary calcium excretion in early diabetic nephropathy.博士（医学）・乙第1293号・平成24年5月28日© 2012 International Society of Nephrolog

OOKFSK ホウシキ ノ タイマルチパス トクセイ

Previously, the authors proposed three-frequency commutation FSK signaling to improve performance of high-speed digital mobile radio system in severe multipath fading environment. However, this strategy expanded excess bandwidth and caused extra interferences. It exhibited poor performance particularly in the practical modulation index region. In this paper, we propose the new commutation signaling strategy named On-Off Keyed FSK (OOKFSK) and theoretically analyze the BER performance of this signaling method. This method transmits no signal instead of transmitting the third-frequency signal in the three-frequency commutation FSK. The numerical results show that the OOKFSK signaling outperforms the three-frequency commutation FSK signaling for practical low modulation indices