Terminal branching of internal laryngeal nerve: a cadaveric study

Background: Innervation of larynx is much more complicated than previously been thought. Laryngopharynx is the common gateway for many specialists like oral surgeons, ENT surgeons, anaesthetists, UGI endoscopists and bronchoscopists. The sub-mucosal neural network can be anaesthetised by topical application or injection of local anaesthetics. In this study destination of the internal laryngeal nerve and its penetration into the intrinsic muscles of larynx are analysed.Methods: A total of 40 en bloc cadaveric specimens were investigated in the department of anatomy, Madras Medical College, Chennai and from Melmaruvathur Adhiparasakthi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kanchipuram. Conventional anatomy dissection method was used in the identification of internal laryngeal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and its branches.Results: Irrespective of the number of divisions at the point of entry into thyrohyoid membrane, 4 branches were constantly traceable. The branches were traced by 2 approaches- (A) those supplying the mucus membrane- (i) to the junction of aryepiglottic fold and lateral border of epiglottis; (ii) to the posterior surface of interarytenoideus; (iii) to the posterior surface of posterior arytenoideus; and (iv) descending to apex of the pyriform fossa behind cricothyroid junction; (B) penetration into intrinsic muscles- (i) a branch terminated after entering interaryteoideus; and (ii) another terminated after entering the posterior cricoarytenoideus muscle.Conclusions: The knowledge of variation into branches and area of supply of internal laryngeal nerve is essential for anatomists and clinicians. It is not a nerve to be neglected as the knowledge of its branches is very much essential for the surgeons operating in this area of air and food passage

Knowledge, Prevalence and Risk Factors of Violating Traffic Rules Among Adult Population - A Survey

Road traffic injuries are one of the most important leading causes of death and disability in many of the developed and developing countries. Road accidents are major public health problems faced by the society. The crash can be defined as an incident or collision which may or may not lead to injury, occurring on a public road and involving at least one moving vehicle. In a developing country like India with a dense population there is a need to check the awareness level among the public about traffic signals and rules among the adult population, this survey was carried out. To check the awareness level among the adolescents population a questionnaire containing 10 questions was prepared. This survey was carried between the month of June 2019 to March 2020 among the adult population living in Chennai. This survey was conducted in an online platform where the participants responded to their answers. Finally the results were analysed and tabulated. Around 85% had knowledge and awareness of violating traffic signals and rules and suggested the need for having awareness camps to be organised by NGOs/Traffic Police/Government to create awareness among the public to obey traffic rules and 15% had no idea. The survey participants had moderate knowledge about road traffic regulations and most of them mentioned that prime speed, drivers lack of awareness about traffic regulation and laws, and drivers non-compliance with traffic rules and regulation were the foremost important explanation for road traffic accident

Efficacy of Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Gels as a Promising Wound Healing Biomaterial

The development of biocompatible nanocomposite hydrogels with effective wound healing/microbicidal properties is needed to bring out their distinguished characteristics in clinical applications. The positive interaction between graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide (GO/rGO) and hydrogels and aloe vera gel represents a strong strategy for the advancement of therapeutic approaches for wound healing. In this study, the synthesis, characterization, and angiogenic properties of graphene-based nanocomposite gels have been corroborated and substantiated through several in vitro and in vivo assays. In this respect, graphene oxide was synthesized by incorporating a modified Hummer’s method and ascertained by Raman spectroscopy. The obtained GO and rGO were uniformly dispersed into the aloe vera gel and hydrogel, respectively, as wound healing materials. These formulations were characterized via in vitro bio-chemical techniques and were found suitable for the appropriate cell viability, attachment, and proliferation. In addition, in vivo experiments were conducted using male Wistar rats. This revealed that the GO/rGO-based gels stimulated wound contraction and re-epithelialization compared to that of the non-treatment group. From the study, it is suggested that GO/rGO-based aloe vera gel can be recommended as a promising candidate for wound healing applications