Examination of the Prevalence of Pneumonia Caused by Pasteurella Multocida in Calves Referred to Slaughterhouse of Borujen City

Abstract In this study which has been done for 4 seasons from March 2014 to april 2015. We have taken sample from the lung tissue's through the 552 calves which has been send to the slaughterhouse. At first (before we entering the slaughterhouse) there's a questionnaire has been planned which include items like sex, living place, the animal bed at parturition time and also we test the animals through checking their heartbeats, respiratory system and observing the secretions of the eyes and the nose. According to the low economical value of the lung, especially in the large animal, we have send the Anterior and ventral lobe and Lymph nodes of the upper part of respiratory system by the slaughterhouse personnel's' cooperation to the lab for the further studying and passing pathology test. Spss 19& Excel were the software tools which we evaluate information via them and the results was: The most infection times to Pasteurella multocida were reported in winter and by the way we can see a meaningful link among seasons. Also infection was higher in the cases where the animals were kept in the close environments and finally the most lesions were related to Bronchopneumonia an the less to Suppurative pneumonia. 434 Yaser Karimi Faradonbeh et al

Pomegranate peel extract inhibits internalization and replication of the influenza virus: An in vitro study

Objective: Influenza virus, which is associated with high level of morbidity and mortality, has been recently considered a public health concern; however, the methods of choice to control and treat it are limited. Our previous study showed anti-influenza virus activity of pomegranate peel extract (PPE). In this study, the mechanism through which PPE acts against influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1; PR8) was investigated. Materials and Methods: Ethyl alcohol extract of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel was prepared, and the action mechanism of PPE in inhibiting influenza replication was studied by time-ofdrug-addition assay, virucidal activity, RNA replication, hemagglutination inhibition assay, viral mRNA expression, and western blot analysis. Results: PPE inhibited viral polymerase activity, viral RNA replication, and viral protein expression but could not affect hemagglutination inhibition and virucidal activity. According to time-of-drug-addition assay results, PPE inhibited the virus adsorption and early steps of influenza replication. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the antiviral effect of PPE on influenza virus is most probably associated with inhibition of viral adsorption and viral RNA transcription. Keywords: Anti-influenza virus; Pomegranate; Punica granatum L.; Mechanism