CK2 Is the Regulator of SIRT1 Substrate-Binding Affinity, Deacetylase Activity and Cellular Response to DNA-Damage

SIRT1, an NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)-dependent deacetylase, protects cells from stress-induced apoptosis, and its orthologues delay aging in lower eukaryotes. SIRT1 increases survival in response to stress such as DNA damage by deacetylating a number of substrates including pro-apoptotic protein p53. The molecular mechanism by which DNA-damage activates SIRT1 is not known. By screening a kinase inhibitor library, we identified CK2 as a SIRT1 kinase. CK2 is a pleiotropic kinase with more than 300 substrates and well-known anti-apoptotic and pro-growth activities. We find that CK2 is recruited to SIRT1 after ionizing radiation (IR) and phosphorylates conserved residues Ser 154, 649, 651 and 683 in the N- and C-terminal domains of mouse SIRT1. Phosphorylation of SIRT1 increases its deacetylation rate but not if the four Ser residues are mutated. In addition, phosphorylation of SIRT1 increases its substrate-binding affinity. CK2-mediated phosphorylation increases the ability of SIRT1 to deacetylate p53 and protect cells from apoptosis after DNA damage. Based on these findings, we propose that CK2 protects against IR-induced apoptosis partly by phosphorylating and activating SIRT1. Thus, this work suggests that SIRT1 is a component of the expansive anti-apoptotic network controlled by CK2. Since expression of both CK2 and SIRT1 is upregulated with tumorigenesis and downregulated with senescence, the CK2-SIRT1 link sheds new light on how CK2 may regulate cancer development and aging

Towards modifying the genetic predisposition for glaucoma: An overview of the contribution and interaction of genetic and environmental factors

Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is a complex human disease, with both genetic and environmental determinants. The availability of large-scale, population-based cohorts and biobanks, combining genotyping and detailed phenotyping, has greatly accelerated research into the aetiology of glaucoma in recent years. Hypothesis-free genome-wide association studies have furthered our understanding of the complex genetic architecture underpinning the disease, while epidemiological studies have provided advances in the identification and characterisation of environmental risk factors. It is increasingly recognised that the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors may confer a disease risk that reflects a departure from the simple additive effect of the two. These gene-environment interactions have been implicated in a host of complex human diseases, including glaucoma, and have several important diagnostic and therapeutic implications for future clinical practice. Importantly, the ability to modify the risk associated with a particular genetic makeup promises to lead to personalised recommendations for glaucoma prevention, as well as novel treatment approaches in years to come. Here we provide an overview of genetic and environmental risk factors for glaucoma, as well as reviewing the evidence and discussing the implications of gene-environment interactions for the disease

Quasi-Free-Standing Graphene Monolayer on a Ni Crystal through Spontaneous Na Intercalation

Graphene on metal substrates often shows different electronic properties from isolated graphene because of graphene-substrate interactions. One needs to remove the metals with acids and then to transfer graphene to weakly interacting substrates to recover electrical properties inherent in graphene. This process is not easy and besides causes undesirable tears, defects, and impurities in graphene. Here, we report a method to recover the electronic structure of graphene from a strongly interacting Ni substrate by spontaneous Na intercalation. In order to characterize the intercalation process, the density-functional-theory calculations and angle-resolved photoemission-spectroscopy (ARPES) and scanning-tunneling-microscopy (STM) measurements are carried out. From the density-functional-theory calculations, Na atoms energetically prefer interface intercalation to surface adsorption for the graphene/Ni(111) surface. Unlike most intercalants, Na atoms intercalate spontaneously at room temperature due to a tiny diffusion barrier, which is consistent with our temperature-dependent ARPES and core-level photoemission spectroscopy, and with our submonolayer ARPES and STM results at room temperature. As a result of the spontaneous intercalation, the electronic structure of graphene is almost recovered, as confirmed by the Dirac cone with a negligible band gap in ARPES and the sixfold symmetry in STM.open

Glutaminase 1 inhibition reduces thymidine synthesis in NSCLC

AbstractWe found that non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is remarkably sensitive to the regulation of glutamine supply by testing the metabolic dependency of 11 cancer cell lines against regulation of glycolysis, autophagy, fatty acid synthesis, and glutamine supply. Glutamine is known as a key supplement of cancer cell growth that is converted to α-ketoglutarate for anabolic biogenesis via glutamate by glutaminase 1 (GLS1). GLS1 inhibition using 10 μM of bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide (BPTES) showed about 50% cell growth arrest by SRB assay. By testing the synergistic effects of conventional therapeutics, BPTES combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an irreversible inhibitor of thymidylate synthase, significant effects were observed on cell growth arrest in NSCLC. We found that GLS1 inhibition using BPTES reduced metabolic intermediates including thymidine and carbamoyl phosphate. Reduction of thymidine and carbamoyl-phosphate synthesis by BPTES treatment exacerbated pyrimidine supply by combination with 5-FU, which induced cell death synergistically in NSCLC

A BGG-type resolution for tensor modules over general linear superalgebra

We construct a Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand type resolution in terms of direct sums of Kac modules for the finite-dimensional irreducible tensor representations of the general linear superalgebra. As a consequence it follows that the unique maximal submodule of a corresponding reducible Kac module is generated by its proper singular vector.Comment: 11pages, LaTeX forma

Structures of ultrathin copper nanotubes

We have performed atomistic simulations for helical multi-shell (HMS) Cu nanowires and nanotubes. Our investigation on HMS Cu nanowires and nanotubes has revealed some physical properties that were not dealt in previous works that considered metal nanowires. As the diameter of HMS nanowires increased, their cohesive energy per atom and optimum lattice constant decreased. As the diameter of HMS nanotubes increases, their cohesive energy per atom decreased but optimum lattice constant increased. Shell-shell or core-shell interactions mainly affected on the lattice constant and the diameter of HMS nanowires or nanotubes. This study showed that HMS nanotubes for materials of fcc metal crystals can be maintained when forces exerted on atoms of inner shell of the HMS nanotubes are zero or act on the direction of the outside.Comment: 16 pages, 1 table, 5 figure

A Large Cohort Study of Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism in Relation to Gynecologic Cancers

Background:. Thyroid status may influence tumorigenesis of gynecologic cancers, yet epidemiologic studies of this relationship are limited and inconsistent. Methods:. We evaluated the association of self-reported history of physician-diagnosed hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism with medical-record confirmed endometrial (EC; all invasive adenocarcinomas) and ovarian cancer (OC; epithelial ovarian or peritoneal cancers) in Nurses' Health Study (NHS) from 1976 to 2010 and NHSII from 1989 to 2011. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate multivariable rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals based on pooled cohort data. Results:. We confirmed 1314 incident cases of EC and 1150 cases of OC. Neither a history of hypothyroidism nor hyperthyroidism was significantly associated with risk of EC or OC. However, having a history of hypothyroidism for 8+ years (median) was nonsignificantly inversely associated with EC (RR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.63–1.04; P-trend with history duration = 0.11) and OC (RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.66–1.15; P-trend = 0.13). Having a history of hyperthyroidism for 6+ years (median) was non-significantly positively associated with EC (RR = 1.69; 95% CI = 0.86–3.30; P-trend = 0.12) but not OC (RR = 1.12; 95% CI = 0.46–2.72; P-trend = 0.95). Conclusions:. A history of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism was not significantly associated with risk of EC or OC

Depression and increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in individuals with obesity

Aims: the longitudinal relationship between depression and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is uncertain. We examined: a) the association between depressive symptoms and incident hepatic steatosis (HS), both with and without liver fibrosis; and b) the influence of obesity on this association. Methods: cohort of 142,005 Korean adults with neither HS nor excessive alcohol consumption at baseline were followed for up to 8.9 years. The validated Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression score (CES-D) was assessed at baseline, and subjects were categorized as non-depressed (a CES-D <8, reference) or depression (CES-D ≥16). HS was diagnosed by ultrasonography. Liver fibrosis was assessed by the fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4). Parametric proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: during a median follow-up of 4.0 years, 27,810 people with incident HS and 134 with incident HS plus high FIB-4 were identified. Compared with the non-depressed category, the aHR (95% CIs) for incident HS was 1.24 (1.15-1.34) for CES-D ≥16 among obese individuals, and 1.00 (0.95-1.05) for CES-D ≥16 among non-obese individuals (P for interaction with obesity <0.001). The aHR (95% CIs) for developing HS plus high FIB-4 was 3.41 (1.33-8.74) for CES-D≥16 among obese individuals, and 1.22 (0.60-2.47) for CES-D≥16 among non-obese individuals (P for interaction =0.201). Conclusions: depression was associated with an increased risk of incident HS and HS plus high probability of advanced fibrosis, especially among obese individuals

Exploring Genome-Wide – Dietary Heme Iron Intake Interactions and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Aims/hypothesis: Genome-wide association studies have identified over 50 new genetic loci for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several studies conclude that higher dietary heme iron intake increases the risk of T2D. Therefore we assessed whether the relation between genetic loci and T2D is modified by dietary heme iron intake. Methods: We used Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human 6.0 array data [681,770 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] and dietary information collected in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (n = 725 cases; n = 1,273 controls) and the Nurses’ Health Study (n = 1,081 cases; n = 1,692 controls). We assessed whether genome-wide SNPs or iron metabolism SNPs interacted with dietary heme iron intake in relation to T2D, testing for associations in each cohort separately and then meta-analyzing to pool the results. Finally, we created 1,000 synthetic pathways matched to an iron metabolism pathway on number of genes, and number of SNPs in each gene. We compared the iron metabolic pathway SNPs with these synthetic SNP assemblies in their relation to T2D to assess if the pathway as a whole interacts with dietary heme iron intake. Results: Using a genomic approach, we found no significant gene–environment interactions with dietary heme iron intake in relation to T2D at a Bonferroni corrected genome-wide significance level of $7.33 ×10^{-8}$ (top SNP in pooled analysis: intergenic rs10980508; $p = 1.03 × 10^{-6}$). Furthermore, no SNP in the iron metabolic pathway significantly interacted with dietary heme iron intake at a Bonferroni corrected significance level of $2.10 × 10^{-4}$ (top SNP in pooled analysis: rs1805313; $p = 1.14 × 10^{-3}$). Finally, neither the main genetic effects (pooled empirical p by SNP = 0.41), nor gene – dietary heme–iron interactions (pooled empirical p-value for the interactions = 0.72) were significant for the iron metabolic pathway as a whole. Conclusions: We found no significant interactions between dietary heme iron intake and common SNPs in relation to T2D