Phenotypic Differentiation of Macrolide Resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae Carrying mefA and/or ermB Genes

We examined whether 55 isolates of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC?1 μg/mL) carrying mefA and/or ermB genes would develop resistance to telithromycin. Fifteen isolates, carrying only the mefA gene, had the M resistance phenotype by their susceptibility pattern and their susceptibility to rokitamycin did not change after exposure to 0.1 μg/mL of erythromycin. Of the other 40 isolates, 25 carried the ermB gene and 15 carried the both mefA and ermB genes, all of them showed high resistance to clindamycin (MIC?128 μg/mL) and were resistant to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLSB resistance phenotype). Twenty six isolates with the MLSB resistance phenotype showed decreased sensitivity to telithromycin after exposure to erythromycin, although the elevated MICs of telithromycin remained below 1 μg/mL, the remaining 14 isolates did not showed an obvious decrease of their sensitivity to telithromycin (only two-fold dilution). However, by adding the telithromycin disk to the erythromycin-rokitamycin double disk diffusion test, the zone of inhibition around the telithromycin disk was blunted proximal to the erythromycin disk in all isolates with the MLSB resistance phenotype including the 25 isolates which were considered to have a true cMLSB phenotype because of their constitutive resistance to rokitamycin (MIC?4 μg/mL). Furthermore, in 16 isolates, highly resistance to rokitamycin (MIC?64 μg/mL), the zone of inhibition around the telithromycin disk was blunted to both erythromycin and rokitamycin disks. These results indicate that the expression of telithromycin resistance was induced even in S. pneumoniae isolates with a true cMLSB resistance phenotype

A case of actinomycosis causing unilateral tonsillar hypertrophy.

We report a case of unusual presentation of actinomycosis in the tonsil causing massive unilateral enlargement in a 78-year-old female. To our knowledge, only three cases of actinomycosis causing unilateral tonsillar enlargement have been published previously. Since this anaerobic organism is difficult to culture, the diagnosis is made by observing its associated sulfur granules in the biopsy specimen. In the present case, treatment consisting of tonsillectomy and antibiotic therapy (penicillin) for several days produced a good prognosis