The effect of drought on micro-morphological structures and secondary metabolite content of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

To evaluate the effect of drought stress on the micro-morphological and physiological parameters of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), they were grown under controlled conditions for 3 months. Drought treatments were made which irrigation every five days (control group), ten days (group 1: normal stress), fifteen days (group 2: mild stress), and twenty days (group 3: under extreme stress) with 100 ml water. The most noticeable result of stress was found to be an increase in the number of stomata and a lowers in the size of the stomata in mild drought treatments. There was no differences in these parameters as the severity of stress increased. A similar effect appeared in the capitate and peltate glandular trichomes on both surfaces of the leaf. Drought stress also affected phytochemical content. While no significant differences which were observed between drought stress treatments, the difference between drought treatments and the control group was significant. As a result, the micro-morphological and physiological differences brought on by the variations in the applications allowed for the identification of the irrigation application that will maintain the secondary metabolite production of the basil plant at the maximum level

An Overview of Equal Educational Opportunities in Turkey: A Spatial Analysis of Classrooms in Rural and Urban Primary Schools

The number of students in a class is a primary factor affecting the quality of education. Therefore, this study examines the distribution of the number of students per class in rural and urban primary schools in Turkey, and efforts have been made to specify classroom needs. Statistical data was obtained from the Turkish Institute of Statistics and the Ministry of National Education. In order to better interpret data, graphs and maps were prepared with the help of GIS. The MapInfo 12.0 program was used for map drawing. The data was mapped using the Inverse Distance Weighted Algorithm. Whether there was global clustering regarding the distribution of the number of students per class in both rural and urban primary schools in Turkey was investigated using Moran I. In addition, local Moran I maps were employed to identify whether or not there was local clustering or neighboring interaction. At the end of the research, a variety of findings and results were obtained regarding the condition of primary school classes in Turkey. In conclusion, it has been determined that there is a need for more classes in certain regions, while they are urgently needed in others

Holstein irkı bir İnekte karşılaşılan erken dönem fetal maserasyon olgusu

This case report describes a case of a cow shaped fetal maceration and operative results are presented in the early period. Undetected signs of vitality of the fetus by rectal examination, the uterus and vaginal examination, crepitus in the cervix with the uterus wall thickening were closed. Then, the cesarean operation was decided by operator. As a result, cases are reported in the literature have not completed the process of contrast, defined as a fetal maceration

The therapeutic potential of amifostine on cyclophosphamide-induced testicular dysfunction in rats: An experimental study

Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a well-known alkylating anticancer agent used in the treatment of various malignant and non-malignant tumors. CP may also cause a variety of adverse effects, including reproductive toxicity. Amifostine is known as a cytoprotective drug having antioxidant properties. Objective: To evaluate the possible beneficial effects of amifostine on testicular toxicity induced by CP in rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 35 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this experimental study. The CP group animals received a single dose of 200 mg/kg CP on Day 8 by intraperitoneal injection and were left untreated for the following seven days. The two remaining groups of animals were treated with 200 mg/kg/day amifostine (AMF 200) and 400 mg/kg/day amifostine (AMF 400) for seven days prior to and following a single intraperitoneal injection of CP. Morphometrical analysis and histological examination of testicular tissue were performed. Serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were measured in serum using commercial ELISA kits. The epidydimal sperm count was determined. Results: The tubular epithelial height in the testis was significantly higher in the AMF400 group compared to other groups (p < 0.001). Animals in the AMF400 group showed minimal debris in the tubules, no Sertoli cell damage, and the Johnsen scores were slightly higher in the AMF400 group. The epididymal sperm count was significantly lower in the CP-administered animals compared to the control animals and was significantly higher in the AMF200 and AMF400 groups compared to the CP group (p = 0.006, and p = 0.019 respectively). Conclusion: Amifostine, at a dose of 400 mg/kg, may have a protective effect on testicular damage induced by CP in rats

Determination of Some Properties of Turkish Delight Produced by the Addition of Pomegranate Juice

In this study, it is aimed to produce Turkish delight by using fresh squeezed pomegranate juice obtained from two different sour and sweet pomegranate varieties in 20% and 30% of the water to be used in the formulation. Water soluble dry matter, pH, total acidity, total phenolic substance, total anthocyanin, colour, hardness value, water activity of Turkish delight added pomegranate juice were analysed and the samples were sensory evaluated. Soluble solids dry matter values of Turkish delight were; 71.25-81.90 °Brix; pH values; 3.50-4.78, hardness values; 0.75-1.64 N, total acidity values; 0.042-0.240g/100g, L values; 27.43-43.94, a* values; (-0.66)-(+14.45) and b* values; (-1.67)-(+4.08), the amount of the total phenolic matter; 201.33-760.33 mg GAE/kg, the amount of total anthocyanin; 10.01-42.15 mg Cy-3Gluc/kg determined, respectively. When the results of the sensory evaluation were examined, the highest average score in terms of many features was obtained with a sweet pomegranate juice (300 ml) obtained with hydraulic press. It can be concluded that the products rich in functional components and preferred by consumers can be produced

Determination of some physicochemical properties of honeys from Tokat region and their compliance with the Turkish Food Codex

Bu çalışmada; bitki çeşitliliğinin oldukça fazla olduğu Tokat ili ve ilçelerinden temin edilen balların bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri belirlenmiştir. 2019 ve 2020 yıllarında 12 ilçeden temin edilen (toplam 24 adet) çiçek balı örneklerinin Türk Standartları (TS) 3036 Bal Standardı ve uluslararası standartlarda kabul görmüş analiz metotları ile yapılan bazı fizikokimyasal, pestisit ve mineral analizleri sonuçlarının Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK) Bal Tebliği’ne (2020/7) uygunlukları incelenmiştir. Bal örneklerinde nem miktarı %13,0-20,0; serbest asitlik 26±0,12-48±0,16 meq/kg; elektriksel iletkenlik 0,33-0,86 mS/cm; Hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF) miktarı 0,05-8,69 mg/kg; prolin değeri 422,56-1222,56 mg/kg; diastaz sayısı 0,0-10,9; protein ve ham bal Δ13 C farkı-0.84-1.23; C4 şeker oranı %0,0-5,26; sakkaroz miktarı %0,30- 1,96; früktoz+glikoz miktarı %62,54-76,67; früktoz/glikoz oranı 0,98-2,62 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bal örneklerinde toplam üç numunede pestisit tespit edilmiştir. Bunlar triamenol+triadimefon, metrafenone, cypermethrin, boscalid, deltamethrin, kresoxim methyl olup üç örnekte sınır değerleri aşılmış olup, diğer örneklerde ise limit değerleri aralığındadır. Balların mineral içerikleri (mg/kg); çinko (Zn) 0,0-24,306; nikel (Ni) 0,0-2,906; krom (Cr) 0,0- 3,850; mangan (Mn) 0,0-4,660; bakır (Cu) 0,0-17,099; kurşun (Pb) içeriği 0,314-2,729 aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Örneklerin toplam fenolik madde miktarları 254,14-776,94 μg GAE/g bal; serbest radikali giderme aktivitesi 129,47-587,37 μg TE/g bal; katyon radikali giderme aktivitesi 93,33-1187,78 μg TE/g bal aralıklarındadır.In this study; some physical and chemical properties of honey taken from the districts of Tokat province, where plant diversity is quite high, were determined. Results of some physicochemical, pesticide, and mineral analyses conducted with Turkish Standards (TS) 3036 Honey Standard and internationally accepted analysis methods of flower honey samples (24 in total) obtained from 12 districts in 2019 and 2020 Turkish Food Codex (TGK) Honey Communique (2020/7) has been investigated for compliance. Moisture content in honey samples is 13.0-20%; total acidity 26 }0.12- 48 }0.16 meq/kg; electrical conductivity 0.33-0.86 mS/cm; the amount of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) 0.05-8.69 mg/kg; proline value 422.56-1222.56 mg/kg; diastase number 0.0-10.9; protein and raw honey Δ13 C difference -0.84-1.23; C4 sugar content 0.0-5.26%; amount of sucrose 0.30-1.96%; fructose+glucose amount 62.54-76.67%; fructose/glucose ratio was determined as 0.98-2.62. Pesticides were detected in a total of three samples in honey samples. These are triamenol+triadimefon, metrafenone, cypermethrin, boscalid, deltamethrin, and kresoxim methyl. In three samples, the limit values are exceeded, and in the other samples, the limit values are in the range. Mineral content of honey (in mg/kg); zinc (Zn) 0.0-24.306; nickel (Ni) 0.0-2.906; chromium (Cr) 0.0-3.850; manganese (Mn) 0.0-4.660; copper (Cu) 0.0-17.099; lead (Pb) content was determined in the range of 0.314-2.729. The total phenolic content of the samples was 254.14-776.94 μg GAE/g honey; free radical scavenging activity was 129.47-587.37 μg TE/g honey; cation radical scavenging activity was in the range of 93.33-1187.78 μg TE/g honey