Studies on the Discharge Reaction in Liquid Air. I : On the Discharge Reaction Products

Applying high tension from an induction coil or from a transformer, discharge reactions in liquid air were studied. The reaction products were examined by vapor pressure method, that is, by comparing the vapour pressure curves of the products with those of the known compounds. The results varied with the kinds of high tension sources and were very different from those of other authors ; especially, the yield of ozone varied markedly with the current intensity and type of discharge. By raising the temperature after discharge, reactions and products were investigated. NO_2 or (NO_2)_2, nitrogen trioxide and N_2O_5 were ascertained. An explosion due to decomposition of ozone often occurred at about -100℃. The green coloured solid product was supposed to be a mixture of (NO_2)_2 and nitrogen trioxide. A higher oxide of nitrogen such as NO_3 was not obtained in the reaction

On The Atomic Distribution Curves for Liquids. I : A Comment on Sharrah and Gingrich\u27s Work on Liquid Oxygen

There are some questions concerning the interpretation of the second peak in the atomic distribution curve of liquid oxygen published by Sharrah and Gingrich. An attempt to determine ozone content in liquid oxygen exposed to X-rays was made, but the amount sufficient to make appreciable contributions to the X-ray diffraction intensity was not detected. From this result, Gingrich\u27s interpretation that this peak originates from ozone, the amount being increased during the X-ray irradiation on liquid oxygen, was denied. Possibilities of the explanation of this second peak and the like peaks in the distribution curves of liquid nitrogen and liquid chlorine are suggested

Nonlinear Pressure Dependence of the Superconducting Transition Temperature of Copper Sulfide CuS

The superconducting transition temperatures of copper sulfide CuS are measured as a function of hydrostatic pressure up to about 9 katm by an ice bomb technique. The superconducting transition is detected with the ac Hartshorn mutual inductance bridge. In contrast to ordinary superconductors the curve of the shift of the transition temperature with increasing pressure decrease nonlinearly with downward curvature over the whole range of applied pressures and its slope changes discontinuously at about 3.5 katm. The maximum peak of the imaginary part of the ac susceptibility vanishes under pressurs above about 1.6 katm. It is discussed that the observed unusual behaviour of the transition temperature is probably attributed to a change of the Fermi surface of the type proposed by Lifshitz

Paramagnetic Susceptibility of Solid Oxygen

The susceptibility of solid oxygen was investigated at temperatures ranging over from 2 to 77°K by using Hartshorn A. C. bridge method. A fair agreement was obtained between magnetic transition points and thermal ones. The susceptibility did not change at the melting point (54.3°K), but was almost of the same magnitude as in the liquid state. At the transition point from γ to β phase (43.7°K), the susceptibility deceased sharply to 130×10^. In β phase, it diminished gradually with the temperature to the next transition point (23.7°K) from β to α phase, where it decreased abruptly once again to 50×10^. Antiferromagnetic nature was expected from many evidences. The nature and the origin of (O_2)_2 molecule were discussed briefly

Specific Heat of Amorphous State

A general model for supercooled liquid is proposed which involves the "Ideal Supercooled Liquid," crystal nucleus, microcrystallite and crystal. In this model, in homogeneity which appears in supercooled liquid is attributed to these nuclei and microcrystallites. The authors consider that in amorphous state, heat energy is absorbed in two ways, one by the kinetic portion and the other by the configurational portion. While the former absorbs heat energy instantaneously, the latter absorbs through the molecular relaxating process. From this simple model, the authors derive a formula for the specific heat of amorphous substance, which shows that (1) supercooled liquid to glassy transition is superficial one depending on the heating rate in the measurement, and (2) if perfect equilibrium is maintained at all temperatures in measuring process, we get perfect continuous C_p～T curve. In addition, the method to determine the true equilibrium value by the use of Nernst\u27s method is proposed. Some characteristics of specific heat curve are discussed with success

The Crystal Structure of Acetylene. I

The crystal structure and phase transition of acetylene were studied by means of a low-temperature X-ray single crystal technique. The crystal showed a lattice transformation at about -140℃. The high-temperature modification was cubic with four molecules in a cell of the dimension a=6.14A at -117℃, the space group being T_h^6-Pa 3. The parameters of carbon and hydrogen atoms were determined by the Fourier method. The molecular dimensions derived from the parameters were C≡C=1.20A and C-H=1.05A, the molecule being linear. The closest approach between neighboring molecules were H…H=3.28A and C…C=3.89 A. preliminary results of the low-temperature structure based on powder photographs are also described

Absorption Spectrum of Crystals at Low Temperatures. I : The Effect of Temperature on Spectrum of Benzene and its Monoderivatives

We observed the temperature effect of absorption bands in benzene and its monoderivatives, namely monochlorbenzene, monobrombenzene and toluene. There were a displacement of the bands toward the shorter wave-length and a narrowing of the bands, when the temperature was decreased. About benezene band we studied theoretically the effect of temperature and obtained considerably good results which agreed well with experiments, the band shift is proportional to thermal energy and the half-intensity breadth proportional to a root of thermal energy

Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of Anthracence, Phenanthrene and Chrysene at Low Temperatures

The photographs of the near ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence spectra excited by Hg 3650 A and 2537 A of anthracene, phenanthrene and chrysene were taken at temperatures between room temperature and liquid hydrogen temperature. They were analysed by using the sharpening and separation of bands, and several progressions of the totally symmetrical frequencies superposed by the nontotally symmetrical ones were observed. Besides such general feature of spectrum as above, the lattice vibration may be taken in the fluorescence spectra of anthracene and chrysene ; the anomalous change in the position of intensity maximum in some fluorescence bands of anthracene was discovered at temperatures between -196° and -253℃

The Cloud Point Test for Low Temperature Lubricant Oil and Some Remarks on the Clouding of Liquid

An apparatus was constructed with which the cloud point of the low temperature lubricant oil was measured by the photo-electrical method. This method had superiority over the former one in the following respects : (1) very high sensitivity (2) obtaining perfect equilibrium value of turbidity at every temperature, (3) estimating the amount of clouding materials and (4) obtaining the data for further improvement of the oil. The lubricant oil made from fish oil was tested by this method and its quality was improved by low temperature filtration. The problem of the induction period of the clouding was discussed. It was found that the velocity of clouding was proportional to the reciprocal of the viscosity of medium oil