A Study of Relationship Between Postpositional Particles of Japanese and Illustrative Representations: Focusing on Even/Odd Numbers

本稿では，偶数と奇数の概念形成にかかわる説明的文章での助詞を抽出し，図的表現との関連について明らかにする。本稿の知見として，1つ目に，助詞の使用頻度については，学年に関係なく格助詞の使用頻度が多いことが認められた。偶数と奇数の概念形成において，格助詞を使いこなせることが正しい表現へつながっていることは学年を問わず課題になっていることを意味する。2つ目に，偶数と奇数の概念形成において，小学5年では図的表現と助詞の組み合わせが多くあることが認められ，中学2年では認められなかった。ここでの助詞は格助詞を含めた全ての助詞である。In this study, we extracted particles of descriptive sentences related to the concept formation of even numbers and odd numbers and clarified their relation to illustrative representations and linguistic representations. First, it was found that the frequency of use of case particles is high, regardless of academic grade. In the formation of even-numbered and oddnumbered concepts, the fact that mastering case particles leads to correct expression means that it is an issue for all grades. Second, in the formation of even and odd concepts, it was recognized that during the fifth year of elementary school and in the second year of junior high school pupils used many combinations of illustrative representations, linguistic representations, and particles, including case particles

Structural Issues of Difficulties in Understanding Measurements Through Textbooks: Through Quantitative Linguistic Analysis

測定値がデータとして扱われるのであれば，測定が可能であることの意味を了解する必要がある。本稿では，算数・数学，理科の教科書を題材に，測定値の理解を深めるための教科書の構造を分析した。分析を通じて，測定値の理解を阻害する教科書本文の構造上の問題点を指摘した。 単位について関連性がある語との言及があったのは算数・数学だけであった。測定が可能であることを了解する手がかりは算数・数学科教科書にあることが示された一方で，小・中学校理科の教科書を含めるとこの手がかりがなくなることが示された。このような状況を改善するためには，中学校数学科において測定が可能であることを了解する手がかりと測定値が関連性を持つような知識の指導が必要となってくる。ここでの示唆は平成27年度までの教科書分析によるものなので，示唆そのものが今日の学校現場において適用できるのかどうかについては検証の余地を残している。If measurements are to be treated as data, it is necessary to understand what it means to measure. In this study, we analyzed the structure of textbooks for deepening the understanding of measurements, using textbooks of arithmetic, mathematics, and science. Through the analysis, we identified problems, in the structure of textbooks, that hinder the understanding of measurements. References to units as relevant words were only present in arithmetic and mathematics. In contrast, when elementary and junior high school science textbooks were included, the clues to understanding that measurement is possible were found in math and arithmetic textbooks. To improve this situation, it is necessary to demonstrate that measurement is possible, and that the measurement values are related in the mathematics department of junior high school.本研究の一部はJSPS科研費（科研番号：19K14219）の助成を受けて行われた

Ngn3-Positive Cells Arise from Pancreatic Duct Cells

The production of pancreatic β cells is the most challenging step for curing diabetes using next-generation treatments. Adult pancreatic endocrine cells are thought to be maintained by the self-duplication of differentiated cells, and pancreatic endocrine neogenesis can only be observed when the tissue is severely damaged. Experimentally, this can be performed using a method named partial duct ligation (PDL). As the success rate of PDL surgery is low because of difficulties in identifying the pancreatic duct, we previously proposed a method for fluorescently labeling the duct in live animals. Using this method, we performed PDL on neurogenin3 (Ngn3)-GFP transgenic mice to determine the origin of endocrine precursor cells and evaluate their potential to differentiate into multiple cell types. Ngn3-activated cells, which were marked with GFP, appeared after PDL operation. Because some GFP-positive cells were aligned proximally to the duct, we hypothesized that Ngn3-positive cells arise from the pancreatic duct. Therefore, we next developed an in vitro pancreatic duct culture system using Ngn3-GFP mice and examined whether Ngn3-positive cells emerge from this duct. We observed GFP expressions in ductal organoid cultures. GFP expressions were correlated with Ngn3 expressions and endocrine cell lineage markers. Interestingly, tuft cell markers were also correlated with GFP expressions. Our results demonstrate that in adult mice, Ngn3-positive endocrine precursor cells arise from the pancreatic ducts both in vivo and in vitro experiments indicating that the pancreatic duct could be a potential donor for therapeutic use