Is There a Gap in the Gap? Regional Differences in the Gender Pay Gap

In this paper, we investigate regional dierences in the gender pay gap both theoretically and empirically. Within a spatial oligopsony model, we show that more densely populated labour markets are more competitive and constrain employers' ability to discriminate against women. Utilising a large administrative data set for western Germany and a fexible semi-parametric propensity score matching approach, we and that the unexplained gender pay gap for young workers is substantially lower in large metropolitan than in rural areas. This regional gap in the gap of roughly ten percentage points remained surprisingly constant over the entire observation period of thirty years.Gender pay gap, urban-rural differences, matching, monopsonistic discrimination

Is There a Gap in the Gap? Regional Differences in the Gender Pay Gap

In this paper, we investigate regional differences in the gender pay gap both theoretically and empirically. Within a spatial oligopsony model, we show that more densely populated labour markets are more competitive and constrain employers' ability to discriminate against women. Utilising a large administrative data set for western Germany and a flexible semi-parametric propensity score matching approach, we find that the unexplained gender pay gap for young workers is substantially lower in large metropolitan than in rural areas. This regional gap in the gap of roughly ten percentage points remained surprisingly constant over the entire observation period of thirty years.gender pay gap, urban-rural differences, matching, monopsonistic discrimination

Ein Plädoyer für Mindestlöhne mit Augenmaß

Mindestlohn, Niedriglohn, Arbeitsplatz, Beschäftigungseffekt, Schwarzarbeit, Schattenwirtschaft, Ordnungspolitik, Arbeitslosigkeit, Arbeitsmarkt, Reform, Dumping, Arbeitnehmer, Armut, Humankapital, Arbeitsangebot, Sozialstaat, Deutschland

Mindestlohneffekte des Entsendegesetzes? : eine Mikrodatenanalyse für die deutsche Bauwirtschaft (Minimum wage effects of the worker posting law? : a micro data analysis for the German construction sector)

"The aim of this study is to analyze impacts of the introduction of the minimum wage in the German construction sector on wages and employment using micro data. The introduction of the minimum wage in 1997, which is binding for all blue-collar workers, is related to the Worker Posting Law. Following a difference-in-differences approach we propose a method to identify the effects despite the lack of information on working hours. In contrast to other studies the size of the treatment and control group is not exogenously given, but is determined by the maximum-likelihood criterion. Our results show positive wage growth effects of the minimum wage regulation in both the eastern German and the western German construction sector. Regarding the employment effects, the results for the two parts of the country differ clearly. The employment effects are negative for eastern Germany, and positive - although not always statistically significant - for western Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) Additional Information Kurzfassung (deutsch) Executive summary (English)Mindestlohn - Auswirkungen, Lohnhöhe, Beschäftigungseffekte, Baugewerbe, Arbeitnehmerentsendegesetz, IAB-Regionalstichprobe, Westdeutschland, Ostdeutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Mindestlohneffekte des Entsendegesetzes? : eine Mikrodatenanalyse für die deutsche Bauwirtschaft (Minimum wage effects of the worker posting law? : a micro data analysis for the German construction sector)

"The aim of this study is to analyze impacts of the introduction of the minimum wage in the German construction sector on wages and employment using micro data. The introduction of the minimum wage in 1997, which is binding for all blue-collar workers, is related to the Worker Posting Law. Following a difference-in-differences approach we propose a method to identify the effects despite the lack of information on working hours. In contrast to other studies the size of the treatment and control group is not exogenously given, but is determined by the maximum-likelihood criterion. Our results show positive wage growth effects of the minimum wage regulation in both the eastern German and the western German construction sector. Regarding the employment effects, the results for the two parts of the country differ clearly. The employment effects are negative for eastern Germany, and positive - although not always statistically significant - for western Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))Mindestlohn - Auswirkungen, Lohnhöhe, Beschäftigungseffekte, Baugewerbe, Arbeitnehmerentsendegesetz, IAB-Regionalstichprobe, Westdeutschland, Ostdeutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Stichprobe der Integrierten Arbeitsmarktbiografien. Regionalfile 1975-2008 (SIAB-R 7508)

"This FDZ data report describes the 'Regionalfile' of the Sample of Integrated Labour Market Biographies 1975-2008 (SIAB-R 7508). This dataset represents the factual anonymous version of the Sample of Integrated Labour Market Biographies (SIAB) and may be delivered to scientific research institutions after concluding a use agreement with the IAB." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))<br><br><b>Additional Information</b><ul><li><a href='http://doku.iab.de/fdz/reporte/2011/DR_07-11_frequencies_DE.zip'>Fallzahlen</a></li><li><a href='http://doku.iab.de/fdz/reporte/2011/DR_07-11_frequencies_EN.zip'>Frequencies labels</a></li><li><a href='http://fdz.iab.de/de/FDZ_Individual_Data/integrated_labour_market_biographies.aspx'>Weitere Informationen zum Datensatz Integrierte Arbeitsmarktbiografien</a></li><li><a href='http://doku.iab.de/fdz/reporte/2011/DR_07-11_EN.pdf'>Englische Version</a></li></ul>Integrierte Arbeitsmarktbiografien, Datenzugang, Stichprobe, Datenaufbereitung, Datenqualität, Regionalgliederung, Datenanonymisierung, Stichprobe

Mindestlohneffekte des Entsendegesetzes? Eine Mikrodatenanalyse für die deutsche Bauwirtschaft

"Der Aufsatz untersucht anhand von Mikrodaten aus der Beschäftigtenstatistik die Lohn- und Beschäftigungseffekte der Mindestlohnregelungen, die durch das Entsendegesetz für alle gewerblichen Arbeiter im deutschen Baugewerbe im Jahr 1997 in Kraft traten. Angewendet wird ein Differenz-von-Differenzen Ansatz. Wir entwickeln eine Methode, die trotz fehlender Information über geleistete Arbeitsstunden eine Identifikation des Effekts erlaubt. Im Unterschied zu anderen Untersuchungen wird die Größe von Treatmentund Kontrollgruppe nicht exogen vorgegeben, sondern nach dem Maximum-Likelihood-Kriterium bestimmt. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen für das Bauhauptgewerbe, sowohl in Ost- als auch in Westdeutschland, positive Lohneffekte der Mindestlohnregelung. Bezüglich der Beschäftigungswirkung ergeben sich negative Effekte für Ostdeutschland, positive, statistisch allerdings nicht bzw. nur schwach signifikante Effekte für Westdeutschland." (Autorenreferat

A Service of zbw Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre for Economics

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. In this paper, we investigate regional differences in the gender pay gap both theoretically and empirically. Within a spatial oligopsony model, we show that more densely populated labour markets are more competitive and constrain employers&apos; ability to discriminate against women. Utilising a large administrative data set for western Germany and a flexible semi-parametric propensity score matching approach, we find that the unexplained gender pay gap for young workers is substantially lower in large metropolitan than in rural areas. This regional gap in the gap of roughly ten percentage points remained surprisingly constant over the entire observation period of thirty years. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor ma

Cytokine patterns in nasal secretion of non-atopic patients distinguish between chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polys

Background: Being one of the most common nasal diseases, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is subdivided into CRS with nasal polyps (NP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). CRSsNP presents itself with a T(H)1 milieu and neutrophil infiltration, while NP is characterised by a mixed T(H)1/T(H)2 profile and an influx of predominantly eosinophils, plasma cells and mast cells. For the purpose of discovering disease-specific cytokine profiles, the present study compares levels of mediators and cytokines in nasal secretions between CRSsNP, NP, and healthy controls. Methods: The study included 45 participants suffering from NP, 48 suffering from CRSsNP and 48 healthy controls. Allergic rhinitis constituted an exclusion criterion. Nasal secretions, sampled using the cotton wool method, were analysed for IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-8, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IFN-gamma, MCP-1, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, eotaxin, and RANTES, and for ECP and tryptase, using Bio-Plex Cytokine assay or ELISA, respectively. Results: Elevated levels of IL-5, IL-17, G-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, ECP, and tryptase, as well as decreased levels of IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, and IFN-gamma were detected in NP. CRSsNP presented increased levels of RANTES and MIP-1 beta while IL-13 was decreased. No differences between the three groups were found for IL-4, IL-8, GM-CSF, and eotaxin. Conclusions: The present work suggests a disequilibrium of T(H)1 and T(H)2, together with a down-regulation of regulatory T lymphocytes and up-regulated T(H)17 in NP. Moreover, elevated levels of diverse mediators represent the activation of various inflammatory cells in this disease entity. The inflammation in CRSsNP, however, is only weakly depicted in nasal secretions. Therefore, cytokines in nasal secretions may provide helpful information for differential diagnosis

Zur Einführung von gesetzlichen oder branchenspezifischen Mindestlöhnen: Lohnuntergrenzen und ihre Wirkungen

"Die Anträge der drei Fraktionen Bündnis 90/Die Grünen ('Tarifvertragssysteme stärken – Allgemeinverbindliche Tariflöhne und branchenspezifische Mindestlöhne erleichtern', Bundestagsdrucksache 17/4437), Die Linke ('Tarifsystem stabilisieren', Bundestagsdrucksache 17/8148) und SPD ('Erosion der Tarifvertragssysteme stoppen - Sicherung der Allgemeinverbindlichkeitsregelung von Tarifverträgen', Bundestagsdrucksache 17/8459) zielen darauf ab, das Tarifsystem in Deutschland zu stabilisieren. Durch eine Reform der Allgemeinverbindlicherklärung von Tarifverträgen soll der Ausweitung des Niedriglohnsektors und der Erosion des Tarifvertrags-systems entgegengewirkt werden. Dabei wird besonders die Ausweitung des Arbeitnehmerentsendegesetzes auf alle Branchen und die Einführung eines allgemeinen, gesetzlichen Mindestlohns gefordert. Das IAB äußert sich in dieser Stellungnahme vor allem zur Thematik von gesetzlichen beziehungsweise branchenspezifischen Mindestlöhnen. Zu tarifrechtlichen Fragen nimmt es keine Stellung. Der Vorschlag, das Arbeitnehmerentsendegesetz auf alle Branchen auszuweiten, erscheint nicht zweckmäßig. Ein System, in dem für jede Branche – möglicherweise mit zusätzlichen Differenzierungen nach Qualifikation beziehungsweise Regionen – eine andere Lohnuntergrenze gilt, dürfte aufgrund seiner Komplexität nur äußerst schwer zu administrieren sein. Ein einheitlicher gesetzlicher Mindestlohn hingegen - gegebenenfalls differenziert nach Ost- und Westdeutschland und mit besonderen Regelungen für Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene -, dessen Höhe mit Augenmaß festgesetzt ist, kann das Tarifsystem als untere Grenze stützen und zur Vermeidung von Fehlentwicklungen im Niedriglohnsektor beitragen." (Autorenreferat)"The motions of the three parliamentary groups Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (Alliance 90/The Greens) ('Strengthening collective wage agreement systems – Facilitating generally binding collective wages and branch-specific minimum wages', parliamentary printed document 17/4437), Die Linke (The Left) ('Stabilising the collective wage system', parliamentary printed document 17/8148) and the SPD (Social Democratic Party) ('Stopping the erosion of the collective wage agreement systems – Safeguarding the regulation of the general application of collective wage agreements', parliamentary printed document 17/8459) are aimed at stabilising the collective wage system in Germany. The spread of the low wage sector and the erosion of the collective wage bargaining system are to be counteracted through a reform of the declaration of general application of collective wage agreements. In this the expansion, to all branches, of the law on the posting of workers and the introduction of a general, legal minimum wage are being called for. In this statement, IAB is presenting its research findings concerning the topic of legal and branch-specific minimum wages. It is not commenting on legal issues of wage bargaining. The proposal that the law on the posting of workers should be extended to all branches does not seem feasible. A system in which for each branch – and possibly with separate differentiations according to qualifications and/or regions – a different minimum wage level applies would probably be extremely difficult to administer because of its complexity. A uniform, legal minimum wage on the other hand – possibly differentiated between eastern and western Germany and with special regulations for young people and young adults – whose level has been determined by sound judgement, is capable of supporting the collective wage agreement system as a lower limit and of contributing to avoid things taking a wrong turn within the low wage sector." (author's abstract