Sphinctanthus hasslerianus and S. microphyllus (Rubiaceae): taxonomic identity, lectotypifications and conservation assessment and chorology

As part of a series of taxonomic and floristic studies of Rubiaceae from Southern Cone of South America, here we focus our attention on the genus Sphinctanthus. The genus has five species mostly distinguished by their hermaphrodite flowers, corollas with an internal moniliform ring of hairs, and pollen grains released in monads. In the study area, only Sphinctanthus hasslerianus was mentioned as native, however, most of the specimens are identified by the specialists either as S. microphyllus or S. hasslerianus. After a detailed study of all original available and numerous herbarium specimens, we formally treat S. hasslerianus is a new synonymous of the older name S. microphyllus. Additionally, lectotypes for both names are designated. The species is described, illustrated, all specimens studied are cited, and conservation status and comments on its geographic distribution are provided.Fil: Salas, Roberto Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Florentín, Javier Elias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Nuñez Florentin, Mariela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentin

Tipos nomenclaturais de Angiospermae do Herbário IAN da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental: Aristolochiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Bombacaceae, Compositae, Gesneriaceae, Lecythidaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae e Sapotaceae.

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Remarks on the Presence of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thoms (Annonaceae) in Cuba

Context: The presence of Annonaceae plants in the Hotel Guantanamo (Guantanamo), which do not belong to any of the species of this family recorded in the preliminary inventory of Cuban vascular plants encouraged researchers to study their identity, origin, and properties. Aim: To unveil the identity of the species, through a detailed study of its presence and record in Cuba, provide an analytical key to contrast it from the other akin taxa, and compile associated elements with the main properties that characterize it, including its practical use. Methods: Botanical methods were used in the study, such as working with collections, comparison of descriptions, and keys in specific catalogs, along with the scientific description and illustration. The adjacent population was surveyed to establish the use given to the plant. Results: The presence of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thoms in Cuba was confirmed. The taxon was described and illustrated, and an analytical key was established to contrast the species from the other representatives of this genus in Cuba. A few remarks were made on the usefulness of the plant for gardening and medicine. Conclusions: C. odorata must be included in the catalogs and specialized papers on the Cuban flora. Its usefulness for gardening and traditional medicine, and its antiviral, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties must be taken into account by the Cuban economic botany

¿Es Annona lutescens un sinónimo de A. reticulata (Annonaceae)? Uso de datos de morfometría geométrica y de coloración para resolver esta controversia

Background and Aims: Annona lutescens was described in 1914 as a new species from Guatemala. Further studies allowed to locate this taxon in Chiapas, Mexico. However, some authors consider it as a synonym of A. reticulata, a species of American origin that is widely cultivated in many parts of the world. Leaf shape and fruit color are the original characters proposed to segregate these two species. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether both characters can be used to distinguish these taxa.Methods: Leaf shape was evaluated using a geometric morphometric approach. In addition, differences in fruit color and hypocotyl coloration of seedlings maintained in controlled environmental conditions were observed.Key results: The geometric morphometric analysis showed that the leaf shape of both species is very variable and that there is no significant difference between them. Fruit and hypocotyl coloration is specific to each species.Conclusions: It is suggested that A. lutescens should be treated as a synonym of A. reticulata until more evidence is obtained to clarify the relationships between them.Antecedentes y Objetivos: Annona lutescens fue descrita en 1914 como una especie nueva conocida únicamente de Guatemala. Estudios posteriores permitieron localizarla también en Chiapas, México. No obstante, algunos autores la consideran como un sinónimo de A. reticulata, una especie de origen americano que actualmente se cultiva en muchas partes del mundo. Los caracteres originales propuestos para separar estas dos especies son la forma de la hoja y el color del fruto. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar si los caracteres anteriores son de utilidad para separar A. lutescens de A. reticulata.Métodos: Se evaluó la forma de la hoja por medio de análisis de morfología geométrica. También se observaron las diferencias en coloración del fruto y del hipocótilo de las plántulas que germinaron en condiciones ambientales controladas.Resultados clave: El análisis de morfometría geométrica indica que la forma de las hojas de estas dos annonas es muy variable y que no hay diferencias significativas entre ellas. El color del fruto y del hipocótilo es específico para cada taxon.Conclusiones: Se sugiere que por el momento, y en espera de más datos que clarifiquen las relaciones entre ellas, se trate a A. lutescens como sinónimo de A. reticulata

La circunscripsión de Palicourea subgen. Heteropsychotria (Rubiaceae Palicoureeae)

The subgenus Heteropsychotria was detected and described by Julian Steyermark in the frame of the monographic series of the Botany of the Guyana Highland (Steyermark 1972) and repeatedly in a more illustrated version in the Flora of Venezuela (Steyermark 1974). Within the subgenus he distinguished 13 sections and 31 series. Three sections (Nrs 4, 7 and 11) of the 13 remained without names and descriptions. After the fundamental molecular taxonomic study of Nepokroeff et al. (1999) a publishing activity started producing a number of critical studies separating some sections as valid individual genera. The section Chytropsia has been included into the genus Margaritopsis Ch. Wright (Andersson 2001, Taylor 2005). The section Notopleura regained its generic status according to Bremekamp’s original concept (Taylor 2001). The Mapouria section has been eliminated by the re-establishment of the Carapichea genus (Andersson 2002b, Taylor and Gereau 2013). It has been recently recognised, that the greater part of the species classified by Steyermark into the section Durifolia belongs to the expanded genus Coccochondra (Taylor 2011). The re-consideration of the taxonomic position of the slenderized subgenus Heteropsychotria was begun by C. M. Taylor et al. with the transfer of some Mesoamerican species as late as 2010, although their close relation to the genus Palicourea was emphasised by Nepokroeff et al. (1999). The next step is, that for the second edition of the Rubiáceas de México the Mexican species of Heteropsychotria were transferred into Palicourea (Borhidi 2011), while C. M. Taylor maintained the Mesoamerican ones within the frame of Psychotria (Taylor 2012). Recently C. M. Taylor started to revise the taxonomic position of the South American Heteropsychotria species with a new circumscription and re-description of the section Didymocarpae (Taylor 2014) by the distinction and description of the new section Tricephalium (Taylor 2015) separating from the rest of the section Cephaëlis and by the detailed elaboration of the section Nonatelia in a new concept with enlarged frame (Taylor and Hollowell 2016). For the remained parts of the Steyermark’s system we suggest here the following reconsiderations. The section Heteropsychotria is enlarged by the inclusion of the anonymous section 4 of Steyermark. The greater part of the anonymous section 7, which remained after the exclusion of the Carapichea species, is described as a new section Bracteiflorae with Palicourea caerulea as type. The section Nonatelia is reconsidered and reshaped in a considerably enlarged form by Taylor and Hollowell (2016), while the section Potaroenses remains unchanged. The Pseudocephaëlis section remains without the series Appunianae, which has been included into the section Tricephalium C. M. Taylor. The section Cephaëlis of Steyermark is divided into two sections. The species with terminal, mostly pedunculate inflorescences is separated under a new name Neocephaëlis Borhidi with Palicourea tomentosa (Aubl.) Borhidi, selected as the type species of the section. The other section includes the species of axillary, mostly sessile inflorescences, elevating the series Axillares of Steyermark on section rank and expanding it by the inclusion of the anonymous section 11, with Palicourea axillaris (Aubl.) Borhidi, selected as the type. For the rest of the eliminated Durifolia section a new one is created under the name Cordifoliae Borhidi, while the Oppositiflorae section also must be cancelled, because its type species is Ronabea latifolia Aubl. At last a new section Microphyllae Borhidi is established for the small-leaved xero-tolerant species of the Antilles with Palicourea orientensis Borhidi et Oviedo as type. The review includes more than 220 species. Recently Taylor has made an attempt to eliminate the subgenus Heteropsychotria Steyerm. and identified it as a synonym of subgenus Palicourea. It cannot be accepted because the two subgenera differ from each other in important morphological and physiological characters. The subgenus Palicourea is characterised by having brightly coloured odourless, mostly pedicellate and separated flowers with large corollas often curved tube and swollen base containing an appreciable quantity of nectar, protected by a ring of stiff hairs, namely an arranged complex of characters, which are adapted for hummingbird-pollination. The type species is Palicourea guianensis Aubl. In contrast, the subgenus Heteropsychotria is characterised by having generally green to white inflorescences with white greenish or pale yellow fragrance, smaller mostly sessile flowers with corollas of straight short tube without swollen base and inner hairy ring, but with different pubescence in/or above the middle of the inner face of the tube. These arranged set of characters are clearly adapted to the insect-pollination. The type species is Palicourea deflexa (Sw.) Borhidi. Taylor refers to a great variation in some separate characters between the two character complexes presented in the Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana (2004) without mentioning any concrete example. The reality is, that between the two character complexes there is no intermediate taxon. After having replaced the subgenus Heteropsychotria Steyermark synonymised by Taylor, a new section has been introduced and created, the section Tricephalium (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor, comprising 35 species and classified in Palicourea subgenus Montanae Taylor 1997. It is diagnosed by having “thick-textured leaves with well-developed intersecondary veins that are extensively reticulated and inflorescences with the flowers sessile in small to large heads that are enclosed by well-developed bracts and the fruits pass through a yellow to red immature stage”. Additionally the section is also characterised by stipules that are shortly united around the stem to laminar, bilobed to emarginate, rounded, rounded and denticulate or erose in each side. Really, the section Tricephalium is problematic in some respect. It is heterogeneous as a taxonomic unit, because it has not a standard set of characters, even not one character existing in all species classified here for the distinction of the whole group. The most common characteristic feature is the texture and venation of the leaves, a vegetative character that may be influenced rather easily by ecological conditions. Moreover, the major part of the species lives in montane valleys of the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia as isolated local endemics within similar montane habitats. It is unknown, how these characters would react if the individuals of these species got into lowland situation (see: Clausen et al. (1948) on Achillea lanuginosa). It is to be mentioned that similar leaf texture venations occur in some Carapichea and Coccochondra species as well. Another weakness of the section is the superfluous selection of the typical species, the Palicourea triadica (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor being a very scarcely collected and poorly known species is unable to represent a species-rich, diverse section. After a thorough comparative analysis of the descriptions it turns out that the only character combination occurring in every species of the section Tricephalium is the character-set of the subgenus Heteropsychotria. The only exception would be the Palicourea neilii C. M. Taylor that has according the description bright yellow flowers and corolla tube swollen and bent at the base, but in his fig. 1F the corolla tube is straight and narrow at the base. Therefore we get to the conclusion that the section Tricephalium C. M. Taylor is treated here unchanged as a whole, not in the subgenus Montanae C. M. Taylor, but accentuated its taxonomic position in the frame of the subgenus Heteropsychotria Steyerm

Age structure and population morphometry in the south american snapping turtle (Chelydra acutirostris, Peters 1862) (CHELYDRIDAE) in three affluents of la vieja river, department of Quindio, Colombia

Se analizó la estructura etaria y morfométrica de las poblaciones de tortuga pímpano, en tres afluentes del río La Vieja (departamento del Quindío): quebrada Cajones (municipio de Montenegro), quebrada Cristales (municipio La Tebaida) y río Espejo (municipio de Armenia, sector Pantanillo). Se realizaron 18 jornadas de muestreo entre agosto de 2015 y enero de 2016, en las localidades de estudio. En cada afluente se establecieron cuatro trayectos lineales, de acuerdo a la topología del terreno, con una longitud total de 400 m a lo largo del curso del agua. Cada individuo capturado fue medido, pesado y sexado en el sitio. En total se capturaron 55 tortugas: 23 en la quebrada Cajones, 16 en la quebrada Cristales y 16 en el río Espejo. Tanto en el río Espejo como en la quebrada Cajones la población estuvo dominada por individuos adultos, no siendo diferente la proporción macho-hembra a la esperada 1:1. Se encontró diferencias significativas en la longitud preanal de machos y hembras, siendo mayor en machos; al igual que la relación de la longitud del plastrón y la longitud preanal, la cual incremento en mayor proporción para machos. En general, la población de tortugas para los tres afluentes se encontró en equilibrio en términos de proporción de machos y hembras. Además, al realizar el análisis de proporción de sexos entre los tres afluentes no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre estos.The age structure and morphometry of the South American snapping turtle in populations in three tributaries of La Vieja River in the Department of Quindío, Cajones creek (Municipality of Montenegro), Cristales creek (Municipality of La Tebaida) and Espejo River (Municipality of Armenia, Pantanillo sector) were analyzed. Eighteen sampling sessions were performed between August 2015 and January 2016 in the places selected for the study. Four lineal paths, according to the topology of the ground with a total length of 400 meters along the watercourse, were established in each tributary. Each captured individual was measured, weighed and selected by sex on site. In total 55 turtles were captured, 23 in the Cajones creek, 16 in the Cristales creek and 16 in the Espejo River. Both in the Espejo River and in the Cajones creek the population was dominated by adults, the male-female ratio not being different than expected, 1:1. Highly significant differences were found in the preanal length of males and females, being higher in males, as well as in the relation between plastron length and the preanal length, which increased in greater proportion for males. In general, turtle population for the three tributaries were found in equilibrium in terms of male and female ratio. Also, after having performed the analysis of gender ratio among the three tributaries, significative difference among these were not found

La familia Meliaceae en los herbarios de Venezuela. Clave para los géneros venezolanos

ResumenLa familia Meliaceae constituye un grupo de plantas de gran importancia en los trópicos.Este trabajo actualiza el estado de conocimiento de la familia, a partir de las coleccionesde diferentes herbarios del país (VEN, PORT, MER, MY, MYF, TFAV), teniendocomo referencia la del Herbario Nacional de Venezuela (VEN). La familia Meliaceae estárepresentada por diez géneros con 46 especies. Trichilia es el género con mayor número deespecies (24) y Swietenia macrophylla la especie con mayor número de especímenes (165).Trichilia, Guarea y Swietenia conforman géneros más ampliamente representados y distribuidosen el país, principalmente para los estados Bolívar, Amazonas y Barinas. La distribuciónaltitudinal varía entre 0 y 2800 m, Cedrela y Guarea presentaron mayor variaciónaltitudinal, mientras que Azadirachta, Sandoricum y Schmardaea fueron más restringidos.Los bosques semicaducifolios y nublados presentaron mayor cantidad de géneros. Trichiliay Guarea ocuparon mayor variedad de ambientes. Se elaboró una clave taxonómica para losgéneros de meliáceas con material de herbario.AbstractThe Meliaceae family is a very important group of plants in the tropics. This paperupdates the state of knowledge of the family based on collections deposited in Venezuelanherbaria (VEN, PORT, MER, MY, MYF, TFAV), specially the ones available in the NationalHerbarium of Venezuela (VEN). The Meliaceae family is represented by ten genera and 46species. Trichilia is the genus with the largest number of species (24), and Swietenia macrophyllathe taxon with the largest number of specimens (165). Trichilia, Guarea and Swieteniaare the most widely represented and distributed genera in the country, mainly in Bolívar,Amazonas and Barinas States. They grow between 0 and 2800 m asl, Cedrela and Guareashowed a wide range of altitudinal variation, while Azadirachta, Sandoricum and Schmardaeawere more restricted. Cloud and semideciduous forests presented the largest numberof genera, while Trichilia and Guarea occupied the widest variety of environments. A taxonomickey for Venezuelan genera are presented, based on herbarium material

Sobre la presencia en Cuba de Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thoms (Annonaceae)

Contexto: La presencia en el Hotel Guantánamo (Guantánamo), de plantas pertenecientes a Annonaceae que no se corresponde con ninguna de las especies de esta familia registradas en el inventario preliminar de plantas vasculares cubanas, generó la necesidad investigar su identidad, procedencia y propiedades. Objetivo: Develar la identidad de la especie, establecer precisiones con respecto a su presencia y registro en el país, aportar una descripción de la misma y una clave analítica para diferenciarla de otros taxones afines, así como compendiar elementos relacionados con las principales propiedades que la caracterizan y el uso que se hace de ella. Métodos: Se utilizaron métodos de investigación propios de la botánica, como el trabajo con colecciones, la comparación con descripciones y claves contenidas en catálogos especializados, así como la descripción e ilustración científica. Se indagó con pobladores para constatar el uso que hacen de la especie. Resultados: Se confirma la presencia en Cuba de Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thoms, se realizan precisiones sobre su nomenclatura, se describe e ilustra el taxón y se ofrece una clave analítica para diferenciarlo del resto de los representantes del género reportados para el territorio nacional. Se comentan aspectos relacionados con utilidad para la jardinería y la medicina. Conclusiones: C. odorata deberá ser incluida en los catálogos y publicaciones especializadas sobre la flora cubana. Su utilidad para la jardinería y la medicina tradicional, así como sus propiedades antivirales, antibacterianas y antioxidantes tendrán que tenerse necesariamente en cuenta por la botánica económica cubana

Flora arbórea y usos en la cuenca baja del Río Tonalá, Tabasco, México.

This work was performed in the lower basin of the Tonalá River in the municipalities of Cardenas and Huimanguillo Tabasco, Mexico, in order to inventory tree species present in the towns of La Venta, Villa Benito Juarez, Paylebot, Cuautemoczin and Yucateco. Coconut, livestock, tasiste palm, charcoal, mangroves producers and carpenters were interviewed. The presence of 54 genus and 58 species, grouped in 26 botanical families were recorded. The most frequent families were Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Moraceae, Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae and Sapindaceae. It was registered that 33% of the species develop in flooded areas and 67% in partially flooded areas. The most common uses of these species were: fuel, construction (formwork), handle tools, furniture, carpentry, posts, hedges, food, medicine and others. The red mangrove is used in building houses, charcoal production, firewood and crafts. Stipe wood coconut is used for making furniture, bases for pots and handcrafted figures; with ground cocoa and copra is made chocolates. Palm fronds long guano is used for roofing houses, granaries and barns. The tasiste paml is used for fences, poles, barns and making tables, chairs, beds and dining. Avicennia germinans L., Calophyllum brasiliense Camb., Laguncularia racemosa (L). Gaertn., Rhizophora mangle L., Roystonea regia HBK and Spondias radlkoferi Donn. Smith, were endangered species registered in the area according to NOM-059-ECOL-2010.El presente trabajo se realizó en la cuenca baja del río Tonalá, en los municipios de Cardenas y Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México, con el objetivo de inventariar las especies arbóreas presentes  en las localidades de La Venta, Villa Benito Juárez, Paylebot, Cuautemoczin y el Yucateco. Se realizaron entrevistasa los copreros, ganaderos, tasisteros, carboneros,mangleros y carpinteros. Se registro la presencia de 58 especies y 54 géneros, agrupadas en 26 familias botánicas. Las familias  más frecuentes fueron Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Moraceae, Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae y Sapindaceae. se registro que el 33% de las especies se desarrollan en áreas inundables y 67% en áreas parcialmente inundadas. Los usos más comunes de estas especies son: combustible, para construcción (cimbra), mango de herramientas, muebles, carpintería, postes, cercos vivos, alimento,  medicina y otros. El mangle rojo, se emplea  en la construcción de casas,  elaboración de carbón, leña y artesanías. La madera del estípite del coco se emplea para la elaboración de muebles, bases para macetas y figuras artesanales; con la copra molida se elabora cocoa y chocolates. Las frondas de las palmas de guano largo se utilizan para el techado de casas, trojes y graneros. El tasiste se emplea para cercos, postes, graneros y en la elaboración de mesas, sillas, camas, comedores entre otros.De la flora registrada Avicennia germinans L., Calophyllum brasiliense Camb., Laguncularia racemosa (L). Gaertn., Rhizophora mangle L., Roystonea regia H.B.K. y Spondias radlkoferi Donn. Smith, son especies amenazadas de acuerdo ala NOM-059-ECOL-2010