Urban transport and mobility, towards a sustainable and competitive urban dynamic

El presente artículo pretende aportar algunas ideas sobre este tema en función de la interdependencia que existe entre los usos del suelo y el transporte, considerando al primero como sinónimo de actividades urbanas y al segundo como el medio de intercambio físico entre ellas. El discurso propone un análisis de la dinámica urbana con base en tres dimensiones: la formal, la funcional y la moral, procurando asociarlas a los paradigmas de la sustentabilidad y la competitividad urbanas, tratando de relacionarlas con los procesos de globalización para satisfacer las necesidades de movilidad en la ciudad posmoderna. Finalmente, se mencionan las características que los servicios de transporte público urbano de pasajeros deberían observar para contribuir a los objetivos funcionales y ambientales en los procesos de administración de la ciudad.A lo largo de la historia el hombre ha buscado formas diversas de transporte para realizar sus desplazamientos de manera más eficiente y confortable; en tal sentido, la evolución de los medios de transporte y la infraestructura física sobre la que discurren juegan un papel fundamental en la eficiencia y la eficacia de la movilidad de la población y sus bienes. El transporte urbano es un componente de la dimensión funcional de la ciudad y, junto con los usos del suelo, condiciona la manera en que se llevan cabo las actividades urbanas. En su conjunto, este fenómeno es conocido como “dinámica urbana”

Criterios estandarizados por regiones del Estado de México para la evaluación de proyectos de inversión obra pública (EQUIPAMIENTO y vivienda) con una perspectiva sustentable

Este proyecto será realizado en la vinculación de dos Cuerpos Académicos (CA) de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño FAD, en relación con la empresa ESCONAMI y con altas posibilidades de participación del Gobierno del Estado de México (GEM) a través de la Secretaría del Agua y Obra Pública. El proyecto de investigación busca vincular los esfuerzos de los CA de Estudios Urbanos y Arquitectónicos (en Consolidación en PROMEP), miembros de la Red de Vivienda de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México con el CA de Evaluación y Gestión del Diseño, al integrar esfuerzos tendientes a sentar las bases para que la Obra Pública (equipamientos y vivienda) rinda mejores frutos en su localización, en términos tanto sustentables como competitivo

Modelo de política pública para el sitema de transporte urbano de pasajeros por autobús de la ciudad de Toluca

La ciudad es el espacio adaptado por el hombre, donde se manifiesta y habita, busca seguridad, bienestar, desarrollo humano y mental; muestra su actuar, el ser y hacer, y al hacer, y al realizar actividades socio-económicas, genera la dinámica urbana. La planeación del transporte tiene como propósito mejorar las condiciones de flujo de personas en un sistema económico-urbano, al mínimo costo social, a través de la aplicación de acciones en la infraestructura vial y métodos operativos

Molecular Computation Models in ACL2: a Simulation of Lipton’s Experiment Solving SAT

In this paper we present an ACL2 formalization of a molecular computing model: Adleman’s restricted model [2]. This is a first step to formalize unconventional models of computation in ACL2. As an application of this model, an implementation of Lipton’s experiment solving SAT [7] is described, based on the formalization given in [6]. We use ACL2 to make a formal proof of the completeness and soundness properties of the function implementing the experimentMinisterio de Ciencia y Tecnología TIC2000-1368-CO3-0

Horizontal Inequity in Access to Healthcare Services and Educational Level in Spain

The aim of this study is to measure horizontal equity in the use of healthcare services in Spain, proposing two methodological innovations. First by defending it as equality of access for equal need, irrespective of educational level, unlike the prevailing methodological approach to horizontal equity which relates it to income. Second, by estimating it by means of the slope index of the inequality of characteristics, analagous to the inequity index proposed by Kakwani, Wagstaff and van Doorslaer (1997; HIWV) but presenting some methodological advantages, the greater robustness of the data available on educational level than of those on income, and the possibility of isolating the net effect of the educational level on the use of healthcare by controlling for other variables. The methodology is designed in three parts: (1) estimation of the relationship between the educational level and the use of healthcare services by means of a model of the likelihood of demand for healthcare services, commonly used in the literature; (2) estimation of the relationship between educational level and health by approximating a production function of individuals' health according to their personal characteristics and other factors conditioning health; and (3) estimation of the slope index of inequality as a measure of horizontal inequity, using educational level instead of income as the criterion for ranking individuals. The data base used was a sample of 55,598 observations from the Survey of disabilities, handicaps and state of health of 1999, carried out in Spain. No significant statistical association was found between educational level and use of healthcare services. On the other hand, the relationship between educational level and health, with the three proxy variables used (perception of health, days of limitation and number of chronic illnesses) shows a positive correlation, i.e. an increase in educational level is associated with a greater probability of enjoying better health. Horizontal inequity, measured by the proposed slope index of inequality, gives a range of statistically significant values between 13.91% and 9.40%, depending on cases, i.e. the significant inverse relationship between state of health and educational level is not reflected proportionally in healthcare use, implying that, with greater need, the access of individuals with a lower educational level to public healthcare services is the same as for the rest. These results suggest that the educational level may be a variable to consider when characterizing the healthcare needs of a population in a defined geographical area, at least from the normative characterization of horizontal equity proposedEducation and health; Healthcare needs; Horizontal Inequity; Logistic regression ; Ordinal regression; Regional funding

A Study of the Robustness of the EGFR Signalling Cascade Using Continuous Membrane Systems

Many approaches to anticancer treatment have had a limited success. A fundamental hurdle to cancer therapy is the robustness of the signalling networks involved in tumourgenesis. The complexity of net- works of biological signalling pathways is such that the development of simplifying models is essential in trying to understand the wide-ranging cellular responses they can generate. In this paper a model of the epider- mal growth factor receptor signalling cascade is developed using contin- uous membrane systems. This model is used to study the robustness of this signalling cascade which is known to play a key role in tumour cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología TIC2002-04220-C03-0

A CLIPS Simulator for Recognizer P Systems with Active Membranes

In this paper we propose a new way to represent recognizer P systems with active membranes based on Production Systems techniques. This representation allows us to express the set of rules and the configurations in each step of the evolution as facts in a knowledge base. We provide a CLIPS program to simulate the evolutions of this variant of P systems.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología TIC2002-04220-C03-0

Modelling gene expression control using P systems: The Lac Operon, a case study

In this paper P systems are used as a formal framework for the specification and simulation of biological systems. In particular, we will deal with gene regulation systems consisting of protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions that take place in different compartments of the hierarchical structure of the living cell or in different individual cells from a colony. We will explicitly model transcription and translation as concurrent and discrete processes using rewriting rules on multisets of objects and strings. Our approach takes into account the discrete character of the components of the system, its random behaviour and the key role played by membranes in processes involving signalling at the cell surface and selective uptake of substances from the environment. Our systems will evolve according to an extension of Gillespie’s algorithm, called Multicompartmental Gillespie’s Algorithm. The well known gene regulation system in the Lac Operon in Escherichia coli will be modelled as a case study to benchmark our approach.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología TIN2005-09345-C04-0