Towards harmonisation of indirect effects in transport project appraisal Guidelines and current practice in Europe - miles apart

The paper deals with the appropriate treatment of indirect socio-economic effects of transport investments and policies. A central question is how assessment of indirect effects can be improved and harmonised in a European context. First, the paper describes state of the art in assessment (identifying types of indirect socio-economic effects, modelling). Secondly, an overview is presented on current practice in EU-countries. Market imperfections and cross-border effects appear as key conditions for the existence of indirect effects. The proposed starting point for analysis is therefore the total absence of market disturbances. This point of reference, however, is used in no country. The paper concludes by stressing the importance of harmonisation of transport initiative assessment, as well as elaboration on the distinction of types of effects as well as market imperfections. A very clear advantage of harmonisation in Europe would be the inclusion of cross-border effects as direct socio-economic effects in CBA where they concern national borders and not EU-borders, instead of viewing them as welfare effects ‘leaking away’ to other member countries. Especially the market imperfections characterising land markets (external effects, replacement value) and the disturbances and rigidities specific for European labour markets offer great perspectives for better analysis of transport projects and hence better decision making.

The city in the information and communication technology age: a comparative study on path dependecy

The role of the city in the modem electronic age is rapidly changing. Cities are no longer closed islands of local opportunities, but are open nodalpoints in a global network environment. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has lifted the traditional physical - geographicalconstraints which kept cities imprisoned since the early genesis of modem cities. More openness means also more actors in the global economic playingfield, so that cities tend to become increasingly competitors of each other. In such a competitive game between cities the success conditions arelargely determined by the adjustment potential, and the flexibility and resilience of several stakeholders in urban life. The paper analyses the causesand implications of urban path dependency and tries to offer an analytical framework through which actual developments in various cities cansystematically be mapped out. The paper proceeds then - by way of a comparative contrast analysis -with an empirical investigation of two dynamiccities, Berlin and Amsterdam. Based on extensive field work, an attempt is finally made to offer clear policy conclusions and recommendations for urbanICTpolicy

Towards harmonisation of indirect effects in transport project appraisal Guidelines and current practice in Europe - miles apart

The paper deals with the appropriate treatment of indirect socio-economic effects of transport investments and policies. A central question is how assessment of indirect effects can be improved and harmonised in a European context. First, the paper describes state of the art in assessment (identifying types of indirect socio-economic effects, modelling). Secondly, an overview is presented on current practice in EU-countries. Market imperfections and cross-border effects appear as key conditions for the existence of indirect effects. The proposed starting point for analysis is therefore the total absence of market disturbances. This point of reference, however, is used in no country. The paper concludes by stressing the importance of harmonisation of transport initiative assessment, as well as elaboration on the distinction of types of effects as well as market imperfections. A very clear advantage of harmonisation in Europe would be the inclusion of cross-border effects as direct socio-economic effects in CBA where they concern national borders and not EU-borders, instead of viewing them as welfare effects 'leaking away' to other member countries. Especially the market imperfections characterising land markets (external effects, replacement value) and the disturbances and rigidities specific for European labour markets offer great perspectives for better analysis of transport projects and hence better decision making

Tailored anticoagulant treatment after a first venous thromboembolism: protocol of the Leiden Thrombosis Recurrence Risk Prevention (L-TRRiP) study - cohort-based randomised controlled trial

Introduction Patients with a first venous thromboembolism (VTE) are at risk of recurrence. Recurrent VTE (rVTE) can be prevented by extended anticoagulant therapy, but this comes at the cost of an increased risk of bleeding. It is still uncertain whether patients with an intermediate recurrence risk or with a high recurrence and high bleeding risk will benefit from extended anticoagulant treatment, and whether a strategy where anticoagulant duration is tailored on the predicted risks of rVTE and bleeding can improve outcomes. The aim of the Leiden Thrombosis Recurrence Risk Prevention (L-TRRiP) study is to evaluate the outcomes of tailored duration of long-term anticoagulant treatment based on individualised assessment of rVTE and major bleeding risks.Methods and analysis The L-TRRiP study is a multicentre, open-label, cohort-based, randomised controlled trial, including patients with a first VTE. We classify the risk of rVTE and major bleeding using the L-TRRiP and VTE-BLEED scores, respectively. After 3 months of anticoagulant therapy, patients with a low rVTE risk will discontinue anticoagulant treatment, patients with a high rVTE and low bleeding risk will continue anticoagulant treatment, whereas all other patients will be randomised to continue or discontinue anticoagulant treatment. All patients will be followed up for at least 2 years. Inclusion will continue until the randomised group consists of 608 patients; we estimate to include 1600 patients in total. The primary outcome is the combined incidence of rVTE and major bleeding in the randomised group after 2 years of follow-up. Secondary outcomes include the incidence of rVTE and major bleeding, functional outcomes, quality of life and cost-effectiveness in all patients.Ethics and dissemination The protocol was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee Leiden-Den Haag-Delft. Results are expected in 2028 and will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and during (inter)national conferences.Trial registration number NCT06087952