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The test group was comprised of thirty children chosen in infancy: all unwanted pregnancies that would have been wasted in public institutions far inferior to ours, without the extensive opportunities for education, for progress. The children required no mothers in our program. Had they ever wished to know their origins, they might have perused the metal file cabinet in which all of their files were kept, right down to the looping signatures of the women who had signed their lives to us. They never did; they were taught better, instructed that origins were of little consequence when compared with the trajectory their lives would take

On (t,r) Broadcast Domination Numbers of Grids

The domination number of a graph $G = (V,E)$ is the minimum cardinality of any subset $S \subset V$ such that every vertex in $V$ is in $S$ or adjacent to an element of $S$. Finding the domination numbers of $m$ by $n$ grids was an open problem for nearly 30 years and was finally solved in 2011 by Goncalves, Pinlou, Rao, and Thomass\'e. Many variants of domination number on graphs have been defined and studied, but exact values have not yet been obtained for grids. We will define a family of domination theories parameterized by pairs of positive integers $(t,r)$ where $1 \leq r \leq t$ which generalize domination and distance domination theories for graphs. We call these domination numbers the $(t,r)$ broadcast domination numbers. We give the exact values of $(t,r)$ broadcast domination numbers for small grids, and we identify upper bounds for the $(t,r)$ broadcast domination numbers for large grids and conjecture that these bounds are tight for sufficiently large grids.Comment: 28 pages, 43 figure

Culturally Responsive Teaching and Music Education

The United States’ music culture is predominantly focused on the Western music tradition. Yet, the population in the United States is wildly diverse and continues to become even more so at a rapid rate. Because of this, culturally relevant teaching has become an increasingly discussed topic in music education. Why do some music educators feel out of place with music outside of the classical tradition? It can be traced backed to the Eurocentrism of music schools in the United States. Music schools focus primarily on the classical Western music realm, including topics such as music theory, socially accepted ensembles and performance practices, and more. This tradition is a longstanding one. Many established music professors remain in their realm of comfort teaching familiar music and concepts to their students, since that is what they were raised and educated on. This paper looks to find how collegiate music professors at an urban public university view and have experienced the concepts related to culturally relevant teaching, especially when working with future music educators

The Effects of Skin-to-Skin Contact on Breastfeeding Choice at Discharge

Context: Mothers today are increasingly more likely to choose delivery by C- section rather than vaginally. With the increase in C-section deliveries comes increased concern regarding breastfeeding. Skin-to-skin contact between a mother and a newborn has been shown to have an effect on breastfeeding. Objective: This study investigated the effects on breastfeeding choice for mothers that delivered by C-section and received skin-to-skin contact in the Operating Room or Post-Anesthesia Recovery unit after birth. Previous studies have shown that skin-to-skin contact following birth promotes breastfeeding. Breastfeeding has been shown to provide many benefits to newborns, so it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the best practices for promoting breastfeeding. The study looked for a correlation between skin-to-skin contact and mothers’ decisions regarding breastfeeding at time of discharge. Design: A randomized control trial was conducted to analyze data from chart reviews. Setting: This study was conducted at a large hospital in the Northwest Arkansas area from Nov. 2013-Feb. 2014. Participants: Participants included mothers who had a C-section delivery and received skin to skin contact in the PACU or OR. There were 51 women included, and the mean age was 28. Interventions: A chart auditing tool was used to collect pertinent data. These were completed by RNs caring for the mother. Main outcome measures: The dependent variable in this study was the mother’s breastfeeding choice at discharge. This was recorded using the audit tool, and a t-test was utilized to determine correlation. Results: 68% of women did not change their feeding preference at discharge. 8% of women changed from bottle to breastfeeding, while 16% changed from breastfeeding to both. 8% of women changed from bottle feeding to both. In 69.23% of mothers, skin to skin contact did not influence their decision to breast feed following discharge. In 30.77% of mothers, skin to skin contact did influence their decision to breast feed following discharge. Fisher’s Exact Test Pro