17,367 research outputs found

    Mice that gorged during dietary restriction increased foraging related behaviors and differed in their macronutrient preference when released from restriction

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    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Funding This work was funded by the University of Aberdeen. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Acknowledgements We are grateful for the assistance provided by Caitlin Begley, the animal house staff at the University of Aberdeen, Paula Redman and Nick Fewkes.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

    Adult Equivalence Scales, Inequality and Poverty

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    This paper examines the sensitivity of inequality and poverty measures to the adult equivalence scale and the unit of analysis. Comparisons are made using parametric equivalence scales, and income units include individuals, equivalent adults and households. The role of the correlation between equivalent income and household size, and the weight attached to children, is examined analytically. Empirical results are based on New Zealand Household Expenditure Survey (HES) data for total expenditure. Further results using a variety of equivalence scales, for New Zealand,Australia, the UK and the OECD, are examined.Inequality; poverty; equivalence scales; living standard; income unit

    Excise Taxation in New Zealand

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    In New Zealand, excise taxes are levied on three commodity groups: alcohol, tobacco and petrol. The 2001 Tax Review, published by the New Zealand Treasury, argued that excises are inequitable and inefficient, and advised that these taxes should be removed and the revenue replaced by raising the standard rate of GST. This paper provides an empirical examination of these issues. First, the efficiency of New Zealand’s current system of indirect taxes is examined. The welfare and redistributive effects resulting from the revenue-neutral removal of excise taxes are then examined. Welfare and redistributive measures are computed for a range of demographic groups and total weekly expenditure levels. While the largest efficiency gains and reductions in inequality are observed for households with at least one smoker, the overall distributional implications of the proposed reforms are found to be small.Indirect taxation; equivalent variations; excess burdens; inequality;tax reform

    New Zealand’s Exchange Rate Regime, the Collapse of Bretton Woods,and the Twilight of the Sterling Area

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    How did developing countries adapt to the collapse of the Bretton Woods system? Using new archival evidence, we argue that New Zealand offers an interesting case study of decision-making in a small economy dependent on primary production with close economic and political links to two larger partners – Britain and Australia – with divergent domestic policies. After some experimentation, New Zealand adopted an innovative intermediate solution for the exchange rate that aimed to generate stability for primary producers during a period when the direction of trade was diversifying and most currencies were floating. This imaginative policy was not accompanied by comparable changes in reserves management, and until 1975 New Zealand continued to hold the bulk of its reserves in sterling. The article explores the different priorities and institutional constraints affecting the choice of anchor currency and reserve currency in this context.

    Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reductions in New Zealand : A Minimum Disruption Approach

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    Reductions in carbon dioxide emissions can come from (among other things) changes to the structure of final demands, changes in the use of fossil fuels by industry, and changes to the structure of inter-industry transactions. This paper examines the nature of the least disruptive changes, that is the minimum changes to these three components which are consistent with specified overall reductions in carbon dioxide emissions in New Zealand. In examining the minimum changes needed, constraints are imposed on the corresponding changes in GDP growth and aggregate employment.Carbon Diozide; Minimum Disruption; Carbon Intensities; New Zeland

    Adult Equivalence Scales, Inequality and Poverty in New Zealand

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    This paper examines the sensitivity of inequality and poverty measures to the choice of adult equivalence scales and the type of income unit examined. Comparisons are made using parametric equivalence scales, and income units include individuals, equivalent adults and households. The results are based on HES data for total expenditure. A variety of equivalence scales, for New Zealand, Australia, the UK and the OECD are examined. The implications of varying the poverty line are also considered.Inequality; poverty; equivalence scales; living standard; income unit

    Carbon Taxation, Prices and Welfare in New Zealand

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    This paper examines the effects on consumer prices of a range of carbon taxes in New Zealand, using information about inter-industry transactions and the use of fossil fuels by industries. The resulting effects on the welfare of different household types and total expenditure levels are examined. The excess burdens of the carbon tax are computed for the different household types. Finally, overall measures of inequality are reported.Carbon tax; equivalent variations; excess burdens; inequality
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