El concurso de acreedores. Una mención especial a los aspectos laborales.

A través del presente trabajo, analizo las repercusiones que tiene la declaración del concurso de acreedores en las personas directamente relacionadas con la empresa insolvente, en particular en los trabajadores. Fin último que desgloso en los siguientes objetivos específicos: Estudiar el procedimiento concursal, analizando las distintas fases. Además de conocer la situación de insolvencia que puede motivar la apertura del concurso de acreedores. Analizar los efectos que produce el auto de declaración de concurso, en particular los que afectan a las relaciones laborales. Estudiar el tratamiento de los créditos laborales. Para llevar a cabo el siguiente trabajo de investigación, he realizado un análisis exhaustivo de la Ley Concursal 22/2003, de 9 de julio, principalmente de los artículos implicados y relacionados con el tema a desarrollar. Como consecuencia de la remisión de ciertos artículos de la Ley Concursal a otras normas, se hace necesario el análisis de Leyes como la Ley 36/2011, de 10 de octubre, reguladora de la jurisdicción social, y Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1995, de 24 de marzo, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores. Además, he tenido en consideración la jurisprudencia, consultando sentencias que me han ayudado a profundizar y perfilar aspectos no comprendidos en las Leyes. Y por último he consultado manuales, monografías, capítulos de libro y artículos científicos, que me han ayudado a desgranar el contenido normativo, accediendo así a interpretaciones y distintos puntos de vista acerca del tema. En base a las Leyes, la jurisprudencia y la doctrina he realizado un estudio crítico relativo a la materia, haciendo especial hincapié en los trabajadores, que ha dado lugar a una serie de conclusiones expuestas al final del trabajo.Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresa

COVID-19 outbreaks in a transmission control scenario: challenges posed by social and leisure activities, and for workers in vulnerable conditions, Spain, early summer 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 community-wide transmission declined in Spain by early May 2020, being replaced by outbreaks and sporadic cases. From mid-June to 2 August, excluding single household outbreaks, 673 outbreaks were notified nationally, 551 active (>6,200 cases) at the time. More than half of these outbreaks and cases coincided with: (i) social (family/friends’ gatherings or leisure venues) and (ii) occupational (mainly involving workers in vulnerable conditions) settings. Control measures were accordingly applied

The PREDICT study uncovers three clinical courses of acutely decompensated cirrhosis that have distinct pathophysiology

Acute decompensation (AD) of cirrhosis is defined as the acute development of ascites, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, infection or any combination thereof, requiring hospitalization. The presence of organ failure(s) in patients with AD defines acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). The PREDICT study is a European, prospective, observational study, designed to characterize the clinical course of AD and to identify predictors of ACLF. A total of 1,071 patients with AD were enrolled. We collected detailed pre-specified information on the 3-month period prior to enrollment, and clinical and laboratory data at enrollment. Patients were then closely followed up for 3 months. Outcomes (liver transplantation and death) at 1 year were also recorded. Three groups of patients were identified. Pre-ACLF patients (n = 218) developed ACLF and had 3-month and 1-year mortality rates of 53.7% and 67.4%, respectively. Unstable decompensated cirrhosis (UDC) patients (n = 233) required ≥1 readmission but did not develop ACLF and had mortality rates of 21.0% and 35.6%, respectively. Stable decompensated cirrhosis (SDC) patients (n = 620) were not readmitted, did not develop ACLF and had a 1-year mortality rate of only 9.5%. The 3 groups differed significantly regarding the grade and course of systemic inflammation (high-grade at enrollment with aggravation during follow-up in pre-ACLF; low-grade at enrollment with subsequent steady-course in UDC; and low-grade at enrollment with subsequent improvement in SDC) and the prevalence of surrogates of severe portal hypertension throughout the study (high in UDC vs. low in pre-ACLF and SDC). Acute decompensation without ACLF is a heterogeneous condition with 3 different clinical courses and 2 major pathophysiological mechanisms: systemic inflammation and portal hypertension. Predicting the development of ACLF remains a major future challenge. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03056612. Lay summary: Herein, we describe, for the first time, 3 different clinical courses of acute decompensation (AD) of cirrhosis after hospital admission. The first clinical course includes patients who develop acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and have a high short-term risk of death - termed pre-ACLF. The second clinical course (unstable decompensated cirrhosis) includes patients requiring frequent hospitalizations unrelated to ACLF and is associated with a lower mortality risk than pre-ACLF. Finally, the third clinical course (stable decompensated cirrhosis), includes two-thirds of all patients admitted to hospital with AD - patients in this group rarely require hospital admission and have a much lower 1-year mortality risk

Spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant through Europe in the summer of 2020

[EN] Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-21,2 has been tracked by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail3,4,5. Although the virus spread globally in early 2020 before borders closed, intercontinental travel has since been greatly reduced. However, travel within Europe resumed in the summer of 2020. Here we report on a SARS-CoV-2 variant, 20E (EU1), that was identified in Spain in early summer 2020 and subsequently spread across Europe. We find no evidence that this variant has increased transmissibility, but instead demonstrate how rising incidence in Spain, resumption of travel, and lack of effective screening and containment may explain the variant’s success. Despite travel restrictions, we estimate that 20E (EU1) was introduced hundreds of times to European countries by summertime travellers, which is likely to have undermined local efforts to minimize infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our results illustrate how a variant can rapidly become dominant even in the absence of a substantial transmission advantage in favourable epidemiological settings. Genomic surveillance is critical for understanding how travel can affect transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and thus for informing future containment strategies as travel resumes.S

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation

Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be classified into sub-phenotypes according to different inflammatory/clinical status. Prognostic enrichment was achieved by grouping patients into hypoinflammatory or hyperinflammatory sub-phenotypes, even though the time of analysis may change the classification according to treatment response or disease evolution. We aimed to evaluate when patients can be clustered in more than 1 group, and how they may change the clustering of patients using data of baseline or day 3, and the prognosis of patients according to their evolution by changing or not the cluster.Methods Multicenter, observational prospective, and retrospective study of patients admitted due to ARDS related to COVID-19 infection in Spain. Patients were grouped according to a clustering mixed-type data algorithm (k-prototypes) using continuous and categorical readily available variables at baseline and day 3.Results Of 6205 patients, 3743 (60%) were included in the study. According to silhouette analysis, patients were grouped in two clusters. At baseline, 1402 (37%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2341(63%) in cluster 2. On day 3, 1557(42%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2086 (57%) in cluster 2. The patients included in cluster 2 were older and more frequently hypertensive and had a higher prevalence of shock, organ dysfunction, inflammatory biomarkers, and worst respiratory indexes at both time points. The 90-day mortality was higher in cluster 2 at both clustering processes (43.8% [n = 1025] versus 27.3% [n = 383] at baseline, and 49% [n = 1023] versus 20.6% [n = 321] on day 3). Four hundred and fifty-eight (33%) patients clustered in the first group were clustered in the second group on day 3. In contrast, 638 (27%) patients clustered in the second group were clustered in the first group on day 3.Conclusions During the first days, patients can be clustered into two groups and the process of clustering patients may change as they continue to evolve. This means that despite a vast majority of patients remaining in the same cluster, a minority reaching 33% of patients analyzed may be re-categorized into different clusters based on their progress. Such changes can significantly impact their prognosis

CARB-ES-19 Multicenter Study of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli From All Spanish Provinces Reveals Interregional Spread of High-Risk Clones Such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

ObjectivesCARB-ES-19 is a comprehensive, multicenter, nationwide study integrating whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CP-Kpn) and E. coli (CP-Eco) to determine their incidence, geographical distribution, phylogeny, and resistance mechanisms in Spain.MethodsIn total, 71 hospitals, representing all 50 Spanish provinces, collected the first 10 isolates per hospital (February to May 2019); CPE isolates were first identified according to EUCAST (meropenem MIC > 0.12 mg/L with immunochromatography, colorimetric tests, carbapenem inactivation, or carbapenem hydrolysis with MALDI-TOF). Prevalence and incidence were calculated according to population denominators. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution method (EUCAST). All 403 isolates collected were sequenced for high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and resistome analysis.ResultsIn total, 377 (93.5%) CP-Kpn and 26 (6.5%) CP-Eco isolates were collected from 62 (87.3%) hospitals in 46 (92%) provinces. CP-Kpn was more prevalent in the blood (5.8%, 50/853) than in the urine (1.4%, 201/14,464). The cumulative incidence for both CP-Kpn and CP-Eco was 0.05 per 100 admitted patients. The main carbapenemase genes identified in CP-Kpn were blaOXA–48 (263/377), blaKPC–3 (62/377), blaVIM–1 (28/377), and blaNDM–1 (12/377). All isolates were susceptible to at least two antibiotics. Interregional dissemination of eight high-risk CP-Kpn clones was detected, mainly ST307/OXA-48 (16.4%), ST11/OXA-48 (16.4%), and ST512-ST258/KPC (13.8%). ST512/KPC and ST15/OXA-48 were the most frequent bacteremia-causative clones. The average number of acquired resistance genes was higher in CP-Kpn (7.9) than in CP-Eco (5.5).ConclusionThis study serves as a first step toward WGS integration in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Spain. We detected important epidemiological changes, including increased CP-Kpn and CP-Eco prevalence and incidence compared to previous studies, wide interregional dissemination, and increased dissemination of high-risk clones, such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

Effects of the exposure of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum to gold nanoparticles. Evaluation of enzymatic and molecular endpoints

Trabajo presentado en el PRIMO 16 (Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms), celebrado en Long Beach (California, USA) del 15 al 18 de mayo de 2011.Nanoparticles (NPs) are introduced into a growing number of commercial products, eventually leading to their release into the different environmental compartments (air, soil and surface waters). Up today, ecotoxicological risks i n non target organisms associated with NPs are poorly documented. Thus in this study, the marine bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum was chosen as ecotoxicological model to evaluate the enzymatic and molecular biomarkers of effects of exposure to gold nanopart icles (AuNPs). The organisms were exposed in the laboratory to gold added to natural filtered seawater either in the form of citrate reduced AuNPs (approximately 6 and 30 μg·L - 1 ) in the range of 20 – 30 nm or as soluble gold, H(AuCl 4 ) (50 μg·L - 1 ) for 28 da ys. Samples (digestive gland, gills and mantle) were taken throughout the exposure period in order to monitor the development of the expression of the chosen endpoints over time. Au concentrations and biomarkers of oxidative stress (catalase, GST, SOD, lip id peroxidation) were quantified in the three tissues. Metallothionein levels as a biomarker of metal exposure was evaluated both by HPLC and PCR approach. Additionally, different features involved in the inflammatory response, known to be induced by NPs i n other organisms, were monitored by quantitative real time PCR. Sections of gill and digestive gland tissue were observed under electron microscope (TEM/SEM) coupled to microanalysis (EDX). Our results show that exposure to AuNPs significantly alters the activity of the tested enzymes and also produces changes in the expression of metallothionein as well as of different, inflammation related features tested by PT - PCR.Peer Reviewe

Enzymatic and molecular responses on the Manila clan, Ruditapes philippinarujm to gold nanoparticles . Evaluation of enzymatic and molecular endpoints

Trabajo presentado en la 6th International Conference on the Environmental Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials, celebrada en Londres del 19 al 21 de noviembre de 2011.Nanoparticles (NPs) are introduced into a growing number of commercial products, eventually leading to their release into the different environmental compartments. Up today, ecotoxicological risks in non target organisms associated with NPs are poorly documented. Thus in this study, the marine bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum was chosen as ecotoxicological model to evaluate the enzymatic and molecular biomarkers of effects of exposure to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The organisms were exposed in the laboratory to gold added to natural filtered seawater either in the form of citrale reduced AuNPs (approximately 6 and 30 ~g'L-1) in Ihe range of 20 - 30 nm or as soluble gold, H(AuCI4) (50 ~g'L-1) for 28 days. Samples (digestive gland, gills and mantle) were taken throughoul the exposure period in order to monitor. The development of Ihe expression of the chosen endpoints over time. Au concentrations were analysed in the three tissues. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (calalase, GPX, SOO, lipid peroxidalion) were quantified in digestive gland and gills. Metallothionein levels were evaluated by different approaches (HPLC and real time PCR). Additionally, different features involved in the inflammatory response, known to be induced by NPs in other organisms, were monitored by quantitative real time PCR Sections of gill and digestive gland tissue were observed under electron microscope (TEM/SEM) coupled to micro analysis (EOX). Our results show that exposure to AuNPs does not alter significantly the response of the selected biomarkers of oxidative stress in a clear way. However, dissolved gold showed lo alter the response of these endpoints.Peer Reviewe

Behaviour of Au-citrate nanoparticles in seawater and accumulation in bivalves at environmentally relevant concentrations

8 páginas, 1 tabla, 5 figurasThe degree of aggregation and/or coalescence of Au-citrate nanoparticles (AuNPs, mean size 21.5 ± 2.9 nm), after delivery in simulated seawater, are shown to be concentration-dependent. At low concentrations no coalescence and only limited aggregation of primary particles were found. Experiments were performed in which the marine bivalve (Ruditapes philippinarum) was exposed to AuNPs or dissolved Au and subsequently, bivalve tissues were studied by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy and chemical analyses. We show that the bivalve accumulates gold in both cases within either the digestive gland or gill tissues, in different concentrations (including values of predicted environmental relevance). After 28 days of exposure, electron-dense deposits (corresponding to AuNPs, as proven by X-ray microanalysis) were observed in the heterolysosomes of the digestive gland cells. Although non-measurable solubility of AuNPs in seawater was found, evidence is presented of the toxicity produced by Au3+ dissolved species (chloroauric acid solutions) and its relevance is discussed.The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Junta de Andalucía (FEDER PE2009-FQM-4554, TEP-217) and EU FP7 AL-NANOFUNC project (CT-REGPOT2011-1-285895). We would like to thank A. Fernández-Estefane of CITIUS for the preparation of TEM samples. We also thank ICMS and CITIUS for Electron Microscopy facilities.Peer reviewe